{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:05:48Z","timestamp":1789113948034,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01CA301448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA301448"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Proton arc (PAT) therapy combines the dosimetric advantages of protons with the efficiency of arc delivery, but current planning algorithms are based on a static delivery sequence. The discrepancy between the static plan and the actual delivery can result in dosimetric deviations during stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), where precision is critical.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A dynamic arc delivery sequencing optimization framework was developed, consisting of three steps: (1) static irradiation and dynamic arc delivery time calculation, (2) incorporation of timing information into static control points, and (3) spot-weighting fine-tuning. Eight multi-metastatic brain cases were retrospectively selected to validate the framework. Plan quality, delivery accuracy, and efficiency were evaluated by reconstructing the delivered dose from virtual logfiles and comparing dosimetric parameters and treatment times.\n                    <jats:italic>Main Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Sequencing optimization maintained nominal plan quality, with no significant differences in target coverage (\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    98) or normal brain sparing (V12, V8) compared with static-control-point PAT. Delivery accuracy improved substantially. For the total gross tumor volume, mean absolute\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    98 deviation decreased from 62.9 \u00b1 70.1 cGyE (3.4 \u00b1 3.8%) with static-control-point PAT to 11.0 \u00b1 7.4 cGyE (0.6 \u00b1 0.6%) with sequencing optimization. For the worst metastasis, deviations were reduced from 116.4 \u00b1 89.1 cGyE (6.3 \u00b1 5.3%) to 79.4 \u00b1 69.2 cGyE (3.6 \u00b1 3.0%). Delivery efficiency was preserved, with minimal changes in spot number, energy layers, and total treatment time.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Dynamic sequencing optimization significantly improves the dosimetric fidelity of PAT therapy for brain SRS while maintaining efficiency. By addressing machine-specific timing and mechanical constraints, this framework bridges the gap between nominal planning and clinical delivery, representing an essential step toward routine PAT implementation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aea1bb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:54:16Z","timestamp":1788389656000},"page":"175036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic proton arc therapy sequencing optimization algorithm for brain stereotactic radiosurgery"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1498-3228","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital"},{"name":"Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-3184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lewei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar Georgetown University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5029-4172","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5175-630X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoda","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6335-5666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zerun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-6278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuanfeng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaea1bbbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.08.049","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spot-scanning proton arc (SPArc) therapy: the first robust and delivery-efficient spot-scanning proton arc therapy","volume":"96","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-03-06","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-02","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-11","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}