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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Intensity-modulated brachytherapy can improve dose conformity for rectal cancer, but current\n                    <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ir-based systems are limited by isotropic photon emission, sequential shield motion, treatment-time penalties, and radioisotope logistics. This study designed, optimized, and characterized a dynamically shielded applicator-based intracavitary electron radiotherapy system intended to improve dose localization and enable ultra-high dose-rate (HDR) delivery without a radioactive source.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A cylindrical electron-beam applicator was designed with a high-density shield containing an emission window, a low-\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    scatterer, and a polycarbonate guide tube. Applicator geometry was optimized using TOPAS Monte Carlo simulations to minimize radial and distal transmission factors (TF\n                    <jats:sub>radial<\/jats:sub>\n                    and TF\n                    <jats:sub>distal<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Dosimetric performance was benchmarked against a modified Monte Carlo model based on a commercial\n                    <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ir shielded rectal applicator (Varian GM11004160). A 3D-printed prototype with a stainless-steel shield and resin components was experimentally evaluated using a custom linear accelerator (5 MeV nominal energy, 60 mA peak current, 4\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    s pulse width). Dose distributions were measured with EBT-XD radiochromic film.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In the modeled homogeneous benchmark geometry, the optimized tungsten applicator achieved a radial transmission factor of approximately 1% at 10 mm from the applicator surface, compared with approximately 20% for the modeled\n                    <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ir reference system. Distal leakage remained below 5% beyond the applicator distal end. Under modeled accelerator conditions, the electron-beam system reached approximately 100 Gy s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 100 Hz. Superposition of single-dwell dose kernels produced both uniform fields and spatially fractionated radiotherapy patterns with valley-to-peak dose ratios \u2a7d 0.2. Prototype measurements demonstrated localized directional dose delivery and ultra-high mean dose rates under the reported pulse conditions, while identifying leakage pathways that caused order-of-magnitude differences from simulation.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The optimized Monte Carlo model demonstrated improved radial dose localization,radioisotope-free operation, and ultra-HDR capability in homogeneous geometry. Further work is needed for accelerator integration, motion control, inverse planning, and validation in anatomically realistic settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aea5ce","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:53:49Z","timestamp":1789080829000},"page":"185009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intracavitary electron radiotherapy with dynamic shielding for rectal cancer: applicator design and dosimetric characterization"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-0530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Laser Plasma Accelerator 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-06-02","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-24","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}