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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    To develop a high-spatial-resolution Cherenkov-excited fluorescence dosimetry system (CEFD) with rapid optical readout using quinine sulfate solution and evaluate its feasibility for small-field dosimetry and verification of patient-derived stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) dose distributions.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A 3D-printed optical phantom containing 1 g l\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    quinine sulfate solution was imaged with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera through a 45\u00b0 mirror. Sensitive-volume thicknesses of 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mm were compared using calibration response, signal-to-noise ratio, output factors, dose-rate dependence, and small-field beam profiles benchmarked against a PTW 60023 microSilicon detector. The selected CEFD configuration was further evaluated for thermal response, repeatability, signal drift, low-MU response, and small-field gamma performance, and then used for fixed-gantry verification of 31 patient-derived SRS dose distributions. GafChromic EBT3 film was used as the high-spatial-resolution comparator.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The CEFD achieved 0.065 mm pixel\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    spatial sampling. CEFD-10 showed the most balanced overall performance across sensitivity, dose-rate response, output-factor agreement, and small-field profile measurements. Dose-rate deviations remained within 1.7% at 300\u20131400 MU min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Passive heat sinking reduced the coefficient of variation from 0.26%\u20130.13% and limited signal drift from 4.3%\u20130.97% over 30 consecutive measurements. For the 0.5 \u00d7 0.5 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    field, the CEFD-10 central-axis dose ratio relative to the treatment planning system-projected dose remained within \u00b12% from 10 MU onward. For 0.5 \u00d7 0.5\u20133 \u00d7 3 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    static fields, CEFD-10 achieved 99.56%\u2013100.0% global 2%\/1 mm gamma passing rates with a 10% low-dose threshold. For patient-derived SRS verification, CEFD-10 achieved mean global gamma passing rates of 99.47 \u00b1 1.58% and 97.53 \u00b1 3.58% for 2%\/2 mm and 2%\/1 mm criteria, respectively, with mean differences from EBT3 film of \u22120.32% and \u22120.21%, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This study demonstrates compact, high-spatial-resolution, rapid-readout optical dosimetry for small-field and patient-derived SRS dose patterns. Agreement with EBT3 film supports CEFD-10 as a controlled-geometry SRS dose verification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aea5cf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:53:52Z","timestamp":1789080832000},"page":"195003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cherenkov-excited fluorescence imaging for small-field dosimetry and SRS plan verification: a feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-7617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehmet Fazil","family":"Enkavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hacettepe University"},{"name":"Medicana International Ankara Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Uysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicana International Ankara Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4359-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Oysul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicana International Ankara Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1535-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sait","family":"Sirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicana International Ankara Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5587-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hulya Yavuz","family":"Ersan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hacettepe University"},{"name":"Hacettepe University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaea5cfbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9109","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229109","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A cmos image sensor dark current compensation using in-pixel temperature sensors","volume":"23","author":"Abarca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pmbaea5cfbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abb0c5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Detective quantum efficiency of intensified CMOS cameras for Cherenkov imaging in radiotherapy","volume":"65","author":"Alexander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. 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