{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:01:17Z","timestamp":1792785677561,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["Mar\u00eda de Maeztu Unit of Excellence \/ CEX2023-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mar\u00eda de Maeztu Unit of Excellence \/ CEX2023-0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003x0zc53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"\u2019la Caixa\u2019 Foundation","award":["DosiFLASH \/ HR23-00718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DosiFLASH \/ HR23-00718"]}]},{"name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","award":["EIC Pathfinder Open 2021 (101046504 project)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EIC Pathfinder Open 2021 (101046504 project)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cx8cy07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n The emergence of ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) electron beams has highlighted the need for accurate Monte Carlo (MC) source models after recent measurements revealed pulse width (PW)\u2013dependent discrepancies in dose profiles. This work aims to develop and validate a MC source model for conventional and FLASH modes using GATE 10, including PW dependence.\n Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves and lateral dose profiles were measured in water using a flashDiamond detector for PWs of 0.5\u20135\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n s. These data were used to optimize the parametric source model through\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \u03c7<\/mml:mi>\n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n minimization and gamma analysis. Validation was performed using a mouse collimator and PMMA slabs. Relative dose distributions and cumulative dose-volume histograms were computed in a CT-based voxelised mouse, with and without bolus.\n Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n The optimized FLASH source model features a dual-peak energy spectrum with a PW-dependent energy component (7.0\u20137.8 MeV for 0.5\u20135\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n s) and low-energy component probability. In conventional mode, a two-component spectrum (1.5\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 1.0 and 6.8\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 1.5 MeV) was used. Simulations showed good agreement with measurements (gamma-index 2 mm\/2% and\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n <<\/mml:mo>\n 5<\/mml:mn>\n %<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n differences for\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n R<\/mml:mi>\n \n 50<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ,\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n R<\/mml:mi>\n \n 90<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n and\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n R<\/mml:mi>\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ). Differences in the mouse lung volume receiving at least 95% of the maximum dose (V95\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n \n lung<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ) were 1% across FLASH PWs, increasing to 5% and 12% in CONV without and with bolus, respectively. Bolus increased V95\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n \n lung<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n in FLASH by 17%, indicating improved target coverage.\n Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n A GATE 10 MC-based source model of the ElectronFLASH LINAC was developed for both UHDR (PW-dependent) and conventional modes. Despite PW-dependent energy variations, no significant dosimetric differences were observed between PWs in FLASH in the preclinical mouse model. The model provides a reliable tool for optimization of preclinical irradiation setups for FLASH biological studies in the absence of a treatment planning system.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aea8c4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:56:03Z","timestamp":1789599363000},"page":"195015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulse width\u2013dependent Monte Carlo source modeling for ultra-high dose rate electron beams"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6396-0708","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Henao Isaza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrer dels Til.lers s\/n"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4300-7064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"L\u00f3pez Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrer dels Til.lers s\/n"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo","family":"Guardiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrer dels Til.lers s\/n"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9574-918X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Sebasti\u00e1n Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PSL Research University"},{"name":"Cuidad Universitaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3132-1803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PSL Research University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaea8c4bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2016.06.125","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent developments in Geant4","volume":"835","author":"Allison","year":"2016"},{"key":"pmbaea8c4bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14226","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Report on G4-med, a Geant4 benchmarking system for medical physics applications developed by the Geant4 Medical Simulation Benchmarking Group","volume":"48","author":"Arce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. 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