{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:01:16Z","timestamp":1792785676240,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Suzhou Fundamental Research Project","award":["SJC2023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJC2023001"]}]},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}]},{"name":"the Jiangsu Province Basic Research Special Funds (Soft Science Research) Special Grant","award":["No. BK20240789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BK20240789"]}]},{"name":"the Young Scientists Fund (C Class) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Grant No. 12505138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 12505138"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:italic>\n . FLASH radiotherapy which employs an ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) (\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n ><\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n 40<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Gy s\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n \n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ), effectively protects normal tissues and organs while maintaining robust tumor control. However, it also presents serious challenges for quality assurance (QA). Currently, dosimeters face various limitations under FLASH radiotherapy conditions which make it difficult to meet the demand for rapid and high-precision three-dimensional (3D) dose verification. In this paper, CMOS cameras were used to capture luminescence images generated by irradiated water and for 3D dose reconstruction.\n Approach<\/jats:italic>\n . A tri-orthogonal view camera imaging setup was designed and constructed to collect radioluminescence signals in water phantom. The ordered subsets expectation maximization iterative algorithm was adopted to obtain 3D dose reconstruction. The experiments were performed by 6 MV and 10 MV conventional dose rate x-rays, as well as 9 MeV electron with an UHDR of 120 Gy s\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n \n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n . The dose distribution was verified by treatment planning system calculations and film measurements, respectively. Quantitative evaluations were performed through percentage depth dose (PDD), lateral dose profiles, and two-dimensional gamma analysis (3%\/3 mm, 10% threshold).\n Results<\/jats:italic>\n . The luminescence intensity of water phantom shows high linearity with the irradiation dose and exhibits independent characteristics with dose rate. The PDD curve of conventional x-ray reconstruction underestimates the dose in the dose fall-off region, and the transverse dose distribution shows high consistency with the reference distribution. Under different irradiation fields, the difference in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the lateral dose distribution curves at each depth is less than 1.25 mm. The PDD curve of the UHDR electron beam reconstruction result underestimates the dose in the shallow region. The deviation of the half-peak dose depth from the film measurement result is less than 0.7 mm. Calculations of the gamma passing rate on each plane of the reconstruction result indicate that the method used shows high accuracy for the transverse distribution.\n Significance<\/jats:italic>\n . The proposed 3D dose distribution measurement method is applicable to both conventional dose rate radiotherapy and UHDR radiotherapy conditions. It demonstrates favourable performance when evaluating lateral parameters including field shape, field size, flatness and uniformity, which is promising for field consistency verification in clinical UHDR radiotherapy QA.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeabeb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:53:51Z","timestamp":1790204031000},"page":"195025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study of three-dimensional dose distribution measurement of ultra-high dose rate electron beam"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5897-3318","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-07-11","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}