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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The objective of this study was to characterize, for selected group-level optimized montages, electrode-specific dosimetric sensitivity to placement variability in transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS).\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Electric fields (EFs) were computed using the scalar-potential finite-difference method in 60 paired model instances generated from magnetic resonance imaging data of 30 male participants (30 original models and their left\u2013right mirrored counterparts). Three anatomically defined targets spanning cortical and subcortical structures were examined: the primary somatosensory hand area (S1 Hand), the insula, and the hippocampus. Every electrode constituting each selected montage was independently displaced from \u221210 mm to +10 mm in 5 mm increments on a 5 \u00d7 5 tangential grid. Three descriptive outcomes were evaluated: intensity sensitivity, defined as the absolute percentage change in the region-of-interest mean; hotspot displacement; and position-dependent intensity variability, defined as the standard deviation (SD) of the percentage change across the full \u00b110 mm grid.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Across all 16 displaced electrodes, intensity sensitivity ranged from 0.41%\u201314.88%, and hotspot displacement ranged from 0.63\u20136.86 mm. Marked within-pair asymmetries were observed in several montages, and position-dependent intensity variability differed across electrodes and model instances. These patterns were descriptively associated with montage geometry and current allocation.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The independent all-electrode perturbation framework introduced here enables electrode-specific robustness assessment of group-level optimized tACS and tTIS montages. The results identify montage-specific electrodes for which placement control is particularly important within the studied configurations, informing the practical implementation of these montages.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeae9c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:55:37Z","timestamp":1790808937000},"page":"195041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrode-specific dosimetric robustness of group-level optimized transcranial alternating current and temporal interference stimulation montages under placement variability"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9783-0990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eikei","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagoya Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Taiga","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagoya Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7163-1828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naofumi","family":"Otsuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Niigata University of Health and Welfare"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8841-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6255-1815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shintaro","family":"Uehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-2782","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yohei","family":"Otaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujita Health University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-1140","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akimasa","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagoya Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaeae9cbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.202556","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Benninger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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