{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T07:46:19Z","timestamp":1791791179833,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01CA255432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA255432"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Current Gamma Knife (GK) treatment planning algorithms typically determine isocenter locations using geometric heuristics rather than dose-driven optimization. Isocenters are either placed automatically (using center-of-mass, skeleton-based, or curvature-based algorithms) or manually by planners, followed by a separate sector duration optimization (SDO) with fixed isocenter locations. Since the isocenter selection is separate from the dosimetry optimization, the SDO step is often constrained by a suboptimal isocenter configuration, limiting achievable plan quality and leading to unnecessarily long beam-on time (BOT).\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We introduce an integrated isocenter and SDO framework (ISDO) that replaces heuristic isocenter placement with a dose-driven joint ISDO. The framework includes a group-sparsity regularization for isocenter selection and an explicit BOT regularization for delivery efficiency. The selected isocenters are further refined through an SDO module, followed by a post-processing stage that converts the optimized sector\u2013collimator patterns into deliverable shot configuration. The framework was evaluated using 12 GK cases spanning a variety of clinical indications, including arteriovenous malformation, vestibular schwannoma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma.\n                    <jats:italic>Main Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    With similar or better plan quality, ISDO plans used fewer or equal shots and substantially reduced the BOT. Across all cases, ISDO reduced the number of shots by 15.06% and BOT by 20.77%. With similar target coverage, the selectivity and Paddick conformity index increased by 5.77% and 5.82%, and\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2 cm<\/jats:sub>\n                    decreased by 6.45% and 5.23%. The maximum and mean doses of organs-at-risk were also reduced by 16.0% and 28.8% respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    By incorporating isocenter selection directly into the BOT-aware inverse-planning framework and driving the isocenter selection through a group sparsity term, the proposed ISDO method achieved more efficient and conformal GK plans than current clinical GK treatment planning approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeae9d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:55:42Z","timestamp":1790808942000},"page":"195037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated isocenter and sector duration optimization (ISDO) for gamma knife radiosurgery"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7054-6044","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-7461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dante P I","family":"Capaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9240-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6696-5409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ke","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-3870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qihui","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaeae9dbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.1.1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery\u2014an organized neurosurgery-sanctioned definition","volume":"106","author":"Barnett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-02-17","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-12","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}