{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:01:14Z","timestamp":1792785674343,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lanzhou Science and Technology Plan Project of Gansu Province, China","award":["2024-3-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-3-32"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2401500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2401500"]}]},{"name":"LingChuang Research Project of China National Nuclear Corporation","award":["CNNC-LCKY-2025-095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNNC-LCKY-2025-095"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d5ymp84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Student Basic Research Program","award":["123B2090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123B2090"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Central Guidance Local Science and Technology Development Program","award":["24ZYQA029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZYQA029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In-beam positron emission tomography (PET) is a promising technique for monitoring beam range and activity distribution in carbon-ion radiotherapy. However, spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) delivery introduces a challenge because sequentially delivered energy layers experience different decay times in-beam and off-beam PET acquisitions. This study developed a decay-time correction method to reduce temporal bias in measured PET activity distributions under SOBP irradiation.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A dual-panel LYSO-SiPM PET system in a 4 \u00d7 1 module arrangement, with an effective detection area of 21.28 \u00d7 5.32 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , was used to acquire in-beam and off-beam PET images during homogeneous solid-water phantom irradiation. The beam was delivered in scanning mode using sequential high-to-low energy layers, with up to 11 layers ranging from 216.50\u2013263.23 MeV u\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Four irradiation schemes were evaluated: physical-dose, relative biological effectiveness-weighted dose (RWD), full-opposing-field RWD, and half-opposing-field RWD SOBP. A Monte Carlo-based decay-time correction framework was established by incorporating beam delivery timing, radionuclide decay characteristics, and activity accumulation. Corrected PET images were compared with Monte Carlo-simulated activity distributions generated using a platform consistent with the experimental setup.\n                    <jats:italic>Main Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Sequential energy-layer delivery and radionuclide decay affected measured PET activity distributions under SOBP irradiation. After correction, experimental PET profiles showed improved agreement with corresponding Monte Carlo profiles across all four SOBP schemes. Depending on the irradiation scheme and acquisition mode, the correction reduced root-mean-square error by approximately 7.1%\u201373.1%, reduced SOBP-region mean absolute deviation by approximately 7.0%\u201372.2%, and increased the Pearson correlation coefficient from 0.861\u20130.973 before correction to 0.947\u20130.980 after correction.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This study addressed temporal bias in PET activity distributions caused by decay-time differences among sequentially delivered energy layers during carbon-ion SOBP irradiation. The proposed correction improved the reliability and interpretability of dual-panel in-beam PET under sequential multi-energy carbon-ion irradiation, extending planar PET monitoring toward more treatment-relevant verification scenarios.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeaf3f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:53:52Z","timestamp":1790895232000},"page":"205025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decay-time correction for dual-panel in-beam PET monitoring of carbon-ion SOBP irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0558-4298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Lanzhou Ion Therapy Co., Ltd"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0249-9134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiemin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1929-4782","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Lanzhou Ion Therapy Co., Ltd"},{"name":"Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1101-8121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongzhi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baowei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaeaf3fbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6203","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/16\/6203","type":"journal-article","article-title":"First in situ TOF-PET study using digital photon counters for proton range verification","volume":"61","author":"Cambraia Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-05-24","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-23","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}