{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:40:36Z","timestamp":1792676436287,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Highly conformal proton stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) remains vulnerable to respiratory interplay, and standard mitigation techniques are either patient-dependent or enlarge the irradiated volume. Long delivery times dominated by energy-layer switching (ELS) limit the use of breath-hold (BH). We propose using pin ridge filters (pRF) to eliminate ELS, shorten beam-on time, and reduce margins.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A monoenergetic pRF plan was constructed, with the highest clinical energy (\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) obtained from the reference internal target volume (ITV)-based intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plan. To avoid per-patient commissioning, we used a bank of pre-commissioned monoenergetic beams spanning 110\u2013200 MeV. Each beam model enables the development of a gross tumor volume (GTV)-based downstream IMPT (IMPT-DS) plan (reduced margins in the BH setting). Next, a nested pencil-beam-direction (PBD) spot-reduction process iteratively removed low-weighted spots from each PBD and, finally, generated pRFs with coarser resolution using a single-energy. This method was validated on five liver and one lung SBRT cases (10 Gy \u00d7 5) by comparing the relative total volume receiving the prescription dose (conformity index CI\n                    <jats:sub>(GTV + 5 mm)<\/jats:sub>\n                    =\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>Rx<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>GTV + 5 mm<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and the mean lung-GTV and liver-GTV doses between the conventional IMPT and pRF plans.\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Across five liver SBRT cases, the average CI\n                    <jats:sub>(GTV + 5 mm)<\/jats:sub>\n                    improves from 2.64 (IMPT) to 1.16 (IMPT-pRF). The reduced dose cloud results in \u223c26% reduction in\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                    to liver-GTV. The mean beam-on time per field dropped from 43.02 s (IMPT) to 7.14 s (IMPT-pRF), i.e. an average saving of 35.88 s per beam (83.4% shorter). Lung SBRT follows a similar trend for CI\n                    <jats:sub>(GTV + 5 mm)<\/jats:sub>\n                    (3.22 to 1.58), lung-GTV\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                    (10.3 to 6.9 Gy), and average beam-on time (decreased from 47.2 to 9.04 s per beam). These dosimetric improvements are primarily due to change in the planning approach (free-breathing ITV to BH GTV), whereas the key contribution of the pRF is shortening of beam-on time, which makes BH delivery feasible and thereby allows this margin reduction.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This proposed method significantly reduces delivery time and organ-at-risk dose. Future work should focus on planning quality assurance and clinical implementation in patients with limited breath-hold capacity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeaf42","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:54:07Z","timestamp":1790895247000},"page":"205020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrafast proton delivery with pin ridge filters (pRFs): repurposing single-energy delivery for motion management in proton therapy"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1390-6154","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmal Jawad","family":"Zafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9023-5855","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil William","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan Henry","family":"Bohannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pretesh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibo","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6078-9424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaeaf42bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4191-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The SBRT database initiative of the German society for radiation oncology (DEGRO): patterns of care and outcome analysis of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for liver oligometastases in 474 patients with 623 metastases","volume":"18","author":"Andratschke","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"pmbaeaf42bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.599018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical implementation of proton therapy using pencil-beam scanning delivery combined with static apertures","volume":"11","author":"B\u00e4umer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-03-26","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-22","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}