{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:50:22Z","timestamp":1793022622259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","award":["36832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36832"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/000az4664","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["2024-05174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-05174"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h531d29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Triple-energy x-ray imaging with photon-counting detectors (PCDs) enables material decomposition, but energy-dependent scatter introduces bin-specific distortions that propagate nonlinearly through triple-energy subtraction. This work quantifies how bin-dependent scatter alters iodine signal formation and affects signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR).\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Analytical expressions for iodine signal difference, noise and SDNR were derived incorporating energy-bin-specific scatter fractions (SF) and their nonlinear coupling with iodine areal density. Measurements used a CdTe-based PCD and an image-quality phantom, with scatter varied through field of view and quantified using the air-gap method. SDNR was evaluated over iodine areal densities of 33\u2013140 mg cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    , SF values of 0.2\u20130.8, tube voltages of 60\u2013100 kV and phantom thicknesses of 10\u201320 cm. A physics-informed empirical model was fitted to the data. Simulations incorporating charge sharing and beam hardening supported interpretation.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Scatter fractions differed across energy bins, with the lowest-energy bin exhibiting the highest SF. Increasing scatter introduced curvature in energy-bin iodine signals versus areal density. Through triple-energy subtraction, these unequal responses produced pronounced signal compression. The model captured energy-bin and combined signal differences (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    &gt; 0.92), with reduced agreement for SDNR (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 0.82\u20130.94), reflecting additional coupling between signal, noise and scatter. SDNR degradation exceeded first-order scatter predictions: for 52 mg cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    iodine, SDNR decreased by 20% at SF \u2248 0.2 and 70% at SF \u2248 0.8. Simulations reproduced both linear contrast loss and additional nonlinear compression.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Bin-dependent scatter induces nonlinear signal compression that amplifies SDNR loss with increasing iodine areal density. Because this behavior arises from the structure of triple-energy subtraction, first-order scatter scaling systematically underestimates performance degradation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeafa4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:53:08Z","timestamp":1790981588000},"page":"205032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scatter-induced non-linear signal compression and SDNR loss in triple-energy photon-counting iodine imaging"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1229-9722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jesse","family":"Tanguay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Metropolitan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2629-6658","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto Metropolitan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaeafa4bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6885","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15973","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Theoretical comparison of energy-resolved and digital-subtraction angiography","volume":"49","author":"Aubert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. 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Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-05-13","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-02","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-26","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}