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Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Positron emission tomography (PET) provides essential functional information for disease assessment. However, reducing injected activity or acquisition time produces low-dose (LD) PET with stronger count-dependent noise and less reliable uptake quantification. Diffusion models offer a promising solution for PET denoising by progressively recovering high-dose (HD) PET images from LD inputs. However, LD-to-HD PET denoising remains challenging because of limited anatomical guidance, unstable multi-scale feature propagation, and inaccurate recovery of uptake patterns in the frequency domain.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We propose AnF-DiffPET, an anatomy- and frequency-guided diffusion framework for computed tomography (CT)-conditioned LD PET denoising. The framework integrates anatomical-frequency guidance, Multi-Scale Cross-Transformer Reconstruction, and Frequency-Contrastive Hard Mining to enhance anatomy-aware feature modulation and frequency-domain consistency during denoising.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Experimental results across four simulated LD PET\/CT datasets show that the proposed method improves image fidelity, anatomical consistency, and quantitative fidelity over representative CNN-based, GAN-based, Transformer-based, Mamba-based, and diffusion-based methods.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    AnF-DiffPET provides a PET\/CT-specific diffusion restoration framework that combines anatomical guidance, multi-scale feature reconstruction, and frequency-domain regularization for LD PET denoising. The code and trained models will be publicly released upon acceptance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:51:49Z","timestamp":1791240709000},"page":"205017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AnF-DiffPET: anatomy- and frequency-guided diffusion for simulated low-dose PET\/CT denoising"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4769-3958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuepeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ruili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohoku University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zetong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Renyiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1487-8434","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yueyang","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmbaeb061bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.873222","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modeling and incorporation of system response functions in 3-D whole body PET","volume":"25","author":"Alessio","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-07-06","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-05","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-21","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}