{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T09:36:22Z","timestamp":1793007382367,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]MC225 is a PET radiotracer used to assess P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier. [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]MC225 PET quantification requires arterial catheterization to obtain the plasma input function, an invasive procedure. The simultaneous estimation of the input function (SIME) has been proposed as a method for estimating the plasma input function, however, it requires at least one venous or arterial blood anchor. Long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET scanners enable a variation of the SIME algorithm, the constrained SIME (cSIME), that incorporates information from whole-blood activity, potentially eliminating the need for blood sampling. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of cSIME for quantifying [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]MC225 in the brain using a clinical dataset.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Dynamic data from seven subjects scanned on a LAFOV PET system following injection of [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]MC225 were included. The cSIME method was used to estimate the plasma input function of each subject. A whole-blood input function extracted from the ascending aorta was used as the initial estimate, and multiple brain regions were simultaneously fitted to estimate the parameters required to convert the whole-blood input function into a plasma input function. Volume of distribution (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) values were calculated using both the ground-truth and cSIME-estimated plasma input functions with a reversible two-tissue compartment model.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Without a blood anchor,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    estimates using the cSIME plasma input function resulted in relative differences ranging between approximately \u221226% and 11% compared to the\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      V\n                      <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    estimates obtained with the ground-truth plasma input function. Incorporating one blood anchor as anchor at 60 min reduced these relative differences up to 11%.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The findings of this study suggest that cSIME may help reduce the invasiveness of quantitative [\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    F]MC225 PET studies. The clinical relevance of the observed bias will ultimately depend on its magnitude relative to disease-related differences in kinetic parameters expected in patient populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:07:57Z","timestamp":1791536877000},"page":"205029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Minimally invasive quantification of [\n                    <sup>18<\/sup>\n                    F]MC225 PET using constrained simultaneous estimation of the input function"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6693-9251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Provid\u00eancia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen, University of 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Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-05-28","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-08","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-26","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}