{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:38:36Z","timestamp":1792712316275,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026OK9045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026OK9045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Phys. Med. Biol."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Objective. Optical-photon Monte Carlo (MC) underlies scintillator dosimetry, Cherenkov imaging and other medical-physics applications, yet Geant4 transport of the 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    -10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    optical photons per event on the central processing unit (CPU) makes dataset-scale studies impractical even on a multi-core workstation. We implement and verify a hardware ray-tracing optical-photon transport extension for TOPAS on Apple Silicon.&amp;#xD;Approach. Charged-particle transport remains in Geant4 on the CPU, where the extension computes the scintillation and Cherenkov yields. Optical-photon generation, propagation and scoring run on the graphics processing unit (GPU), which finds boundaries with its ray-tracing hardware or, for curved solids, by solving the surface equation. The optical processes follow their Geant4 counterparts, with the dielectric\u2013dielectric boundary physics algebraically identical. We verify the extension with ten benchmarks (B1\u2013B10), covering optical physics, detector-chain timing and curved-surface intersection, on an Apple M3 Ultra with an 80-core GPU and a 30-thread CPU baseline.&amp;#xD;Main results. Every verification endpoint passes the equivalence test declared in advance, with margins of \u00b11 % in fluence and \u00b11 percentage point in the reflection and transmission probabilities. The largest mean summed-fluence deviation is 0.147 %, and every summed-fluence 95 % confidence interval lies within \u00b11 %. The scintillation\u2013reflector\u2013wavelength-shifting chain agrees to \u22120.02 % and the curved-geometry imaging chain to \u22120.07 %, and the intersection study reproduces the geometric chords of whole solids within a 0.5 mm tolerance. The matched scintillator\u2013lens\u2013camera simulation runs 15.7\u201332.0 times faster in execution time and about 24 times faster end to end at 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    events.&amp;#xD;Significance. The extension reproduces the analytical or CPU-Geant4 reference process by process within these margins, while accelerating matched transport by more than an order of magnitude. TOPAS scripts gain GPU acceleration without user-written C++, enabling dataset-scale generation of scintillation-dosimetry training sets and Cherenkov-imaging forward models on a single workstation.&amp;#xD;\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb84f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:52:52Z","timestamp":1792709572000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hardware ray-traced optical-photon Monte Carlo for radiation detector simulation: a TOPAS extension on Apple Silicon"],"prefix":"10.1088","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4934-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"YoungMoon","family":"Goh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ui-Seob","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geum M","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7982-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungwon","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si Yeol","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asan Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"container-title":["Physics in Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb84f","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb84f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb84f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb84f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:52:53Z","timestamp":1792709573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb84f"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6560\/aeb84f","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9155","1361-6560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9155","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]}}}