{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T13:01:59Z","timestamp":1784984519770,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment Programme","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["II-ES-0511-21004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["II-ES-0511-21004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Gradiometers have the advantage of increasing measuring sensitivity, which is particularly useful in magnetic induction spectroscopy (MIS) for bio-impedance measurements. Traditional gradiometers use a pair of field sensing coils equally distant and on opposite sides of a drive coil, which provides high immunity to interference. In this paper, a ferrite-cored coaxial gradiometer probe of 29\u2009mm diameter has been developed for measuring the impedance spectra of cervical tissues\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>Approach:<\/jats:italic>\n                    It consists of a ferrite rod with outer ferrite confinement screening in order to eliminate the signals from surrounding tissue. The magnetic screening efficiency was compared with an air-cored gradiometer probe. For both gradiometer probes, a drive coil and two sensing coils were wound on a borosilicate glass former aligned coaxially with two sensing coils equidistant from the drive coil. The signal sensitivity of those two MIS gradiometers has been measured using saline samples with a conductivity range between 0.1 and 1.1 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Finite element methods using COMSOL Multiphysics have been used to simulate the distribution of sensitivity to conductivity over the face of each probe and with depth.\n                    <jats:italic>Main Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    The ferrite-cored probe has a sensitivity confined to the volume defined by the gap between the ferrite core and outer tube of ferrite while the air-cored probe without any magnetic shielding had a wide sensitivity over the face and the side of the probe. Four saline samples and one of distilled water with conductivities from 0.1 to 1.1 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    have been used to make conductivity measurements at frequencies of 50\u2009kHz, 100\u2009kHz, and 300\u2009kHz. The measurement accuracy of the air-cored MIS probe was 0.09 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 50\u2009kHz, improving to 0.05 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 300\u2009kHz. For the ferrite-cored MIS probe, the measurement accuracy was 0.28 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 50\u2009kHz, improving to 0.04 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 300\u2009kHz.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    measurements on human hand have been performed using both types of gradiometers and the conductivity is consistent with reported data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6b4e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T11:13:57Z","timestamp":1493291637000},"page":"729-744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Magnetic induction spectroscopy (MIS)\u2014probe design for cervical tissue measurements"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jau-Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Healey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilly","family":"Anumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaaa6b4ebib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1438.2006.00651.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The use of electrical impedance spectroscopy in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"16","author":"Abdul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. 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