{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T17:43:56Z","timestamp":1790531036159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infrared cameras are increasingly applied in clinical applications as they allow fast, inexpensive and non-contact temperature measurements. As abnormal heat distribution can indicate illness, infrared cameras have been applied in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of medical conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Current practices, however, often overlook the importance of emissivity when taking thermal measurements. The consensus is that human skin has an emissivity of 0.98 but this value varies between individuals, areas examined, and if the skin is damaged. In particular, further research should be conducted on the emissivity variations of wounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n                    This research investigated the emissivity variation of chronic wounds and its effect on thermal measurements. Eleven patients with non-infected foot ulcers were recruited. Three non-diabetic wounds were also investigated in a clinical setting.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach:<\/jats:italic>\n                    A reflectance based method was used which involved alternating shades at different temperatures over the region of interest. Based on the change in the thermal images, emissivity was calculated at each pixel.\n                    <jats:italic>Main Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Overall, it was found that the emissivity of wounds was similar or slightly higher to intact skin (range 0.01\u20130.03 higher with an average value of 0.97\u2009\u2009\u00b1\u2009\u20090.03), with lower values at wound edges (on average 0.02 lower than intact skin). Correcting for emissivity resulted in an average temperature difference of 0.83% in the thermal images.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Significance:<\/jats:italic>\n                    Despite the similarity in emissivity, the difference between the original thermal image and the emissivity corrected thermal image in some cases was substantial. These differences could prove significant in clinical evaluations, indicating the need to incorporate emissivity measurement into standard protocol to ensure utmost accuracy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,21]],"date-time":"2017-04-21T12:15:17Z","timestamp":1492776917000},"page":"1104-1115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Enhanced thermal imaging of wound tissue for better clinical decision making"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Keenan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Ireland Galway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Gethin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Research and Innovation in Wounds"},{"name":"National University of Ireland Galway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Research and Innovation in Wounds"},{"name":"Merlin Park Podiatry Clinic, Saolta University Hospital Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Watterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Research and Innovation in Wounds"},{"name":"Merlin Park Podiatry Clinic, Saolta University Hospital Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard M","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Ireland Galway"},{"name":"Alliance for Research and Innovation in Wounds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0815\/13\/2\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Infrared emissivity of burn wounds","volume":"13","author":"Boylan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2013.10.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Motion tracking in infrared imaging for quantitative medical diagnostic applications","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.12.154","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vivo laser speckle measurement of skin roughness versus profilometric measurement of silicone replicas","volume":"68","author":"Dhadwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib004","first-page":"274","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Correlation between wound temperature obtained with an infrared camera and clinical wound bed score in venous leg ulcers","volume":"27","author":"Dini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.2.001113","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spectral variation of blackbody radiation","volume":"2","author":"Dreyfus","year":"1963","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib006","author":"Guyton","year":"2016","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.3390\/s100504700","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An overview of recent application of medical infrared thermography in sports medicine in austria","volume":"10","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900512331333158","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A perspective on medical infrared imaging","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1109\/42.746635","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A reappraisal of the use of infrared thermal image analysis in medicine","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01071.2005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vivo mechanisms of cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans during thermoregulatory challenges","volume":"100","author":"Kellogg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2012.03.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Medical applications of infrared thermography: a review","volume":"55","author":"Lahiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib0011a","first-page":"39","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spectral study of human radiation","volume":"1","author":"Patil","year":"1954","journal-title":"Nonionizing Radiation"},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2009.04.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Skin temperature and core-peripheral temperature gradient as markers of hemodynamic status in critically ill patients: a review","volume":"39","author":"Schey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.09.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Determining the emissivity of pig skin for accurate infrared thermography","volume":"109","author":"Soerensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/18\/5\/307","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spectral emissivity of skin and pericardium","volume":"18","author":"Steketee","year":"1973","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0815\/10\/1\/004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Non-contact skin emissivity: measurement from reflectance using step change in ambient radiation temperature","volume":"10","author":"Togawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/15\/3\/007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Non-contact imaging of thermal properties of the skin","volume":"15","author":"Togawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaaa6ea0bib017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/219622a0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Emissivity of human skin in the waveband between 2(micro) and 6(micro)","volume":"219","author":"Watmough","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Physiological Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/0967-3334\/38\/i=6\/a=1104\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/0967-3334\/38\/i=6\/a=1104?key=crossref.a2e56eefefe7840ae7a85926220a8618","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/0967-3334\/38\/i=6\/a=1104?key=crossref.a2e56eefefe7840ae7a85926220a8618","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/0967-3334\/38\/i=6\/a=1104\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T12:33:40Z","timestamp":1784982820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa6ea0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-3334","1361-6579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-3334","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6579","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Enhanced thermal imaging of wound tissue for better clinical decision making","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiological Measurement","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2016-12-27","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2017-04-21","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2017-05-11","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}