{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:21:17Z","timestamp":1789147277113,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is one of the highly prevalent heart diseases in developing countries that can affect the pericardium, myocardium, or endocardium. Rheumatic endocarditis is a common RHD variant that gradually deteriorates the normal function of the heart valves. RHD can be diagnosed using standard echocardiography or listened to as a heart murmur using a stethoscope. The electrocardiogram (ECG), on the other hand, is critical in the study and identification of heart rhythms and abnormalities. The effectiveness of ECG to identify distinguishing signs of rheumatic heart problems, however, has not been adequately examined. This study addressed the possible use of ECG recordings for the characterization of problems of the heart in RHD patients.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To this end, an extensive ECG dataset was collected from patients suffering from RHD (PwRHD), and healthy control subjects (HC). Bandpass filtering was used at the preprocessing stage. Each data was then standardized by removing its mean and dividing by its standard deviation. Delineation of the onsets and offsets of waves was performed using KIT-IBT open ECG MATLAB toolbox. PR interval, QRS duration, RR intervals, QT intervals, and QTc intervals were computed for each heartbeat. The median values of the temporal parameters were used to eliminate possible outliers due to missed ECG waves. The data were clustered in different age groups and sex. Another categorization was done based on the time duration since the first RHD diagnosis.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In 47.2% of the cases, a PR elongation was observed, and in 26.4% of the cases, the QRS duration was elongated. QTc was elongated in 44.3% of the cases. It was also observed that 62.2% of the cases had bradycardia.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The end product of this research can lead to new medical devices and services that can screen RHD based on ECG which could somehow assist in the detection and diagnosis of the disease in low-resource settings and alleviate the burden of the disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T21:25:38Z","timestamp":1669670738000},"page":"025002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterization of rheumatic heart disease from electrocardiogram recordings"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Melkamu Hunegnaw","family":"Asmare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven"},{"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amsalu Tomas","family":"Chuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven"},{"name":"Addis Ababa Science and Technology University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9581-0676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carolina","family":"Varon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frehiwot","family":"Woldehanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Vanrumste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib1","first-page":"9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spectrum of cardiovascular diseases among Ethiopian patients at Tikur anbessa specialized university teaching hospital, addis ababa","volume":"52","author":"Abdissa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethiop. Med. J."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1017\/S104795111900026X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Beyond first-degree heart block in the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever","volume":"29","author":"Agnew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiol. YOUNG"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12328","type":"journal-article","article-title":"QT and P-Wave dispersions in rheumatic heart disease: prospective long-term follow up","volume":"56","author":"Alp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics Int."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6558","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196558","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease screening based on phonocardiogram","volume":"21","author":"Asmare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0467-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rhythm and conduction analysis of patients with acute rheumatic fever","volume":"34","author":"Balli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Cardiol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib6","first-page":"353","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An analysis of time relations of electrocardiograms","volume":"7","author":"Bazett","year":"1920","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951113000620","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Accelerated junctional rhythm in children with acute rheumatic fever: is it specific to the disease?","volume":"24","author":"Ceviz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.34.5.472","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Atrioventricular conduction in acute rheumatic fever","volume":"34","author":"Clarke","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.1.6.1338","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The QT interval in rheumatic fever","volume":"1","author":"Craige","year":"1950","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.33.1.12","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Atrioventricular dissociation in acute rheumatic fever","volume":"33","author":"Cristal","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2014.917411","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheumatic fever, autoimmunity, and molecular mimicry: the streptococcal connection","volume":"33","author":"Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib12","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease. [Updated 2021 Jul 13]","author":"Dass","year":"2021","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.5.4.559","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The electrocardiogram in heart disease detection: a comparison of the multiple and single lead procedures","volume":"5.4","author":"Dawber","year":"1952","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-016-0895-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of experience in echocardiographic identification of location and extent of mitral valve prolapse with 2D and 3D echocardiography","volume":"32.8","author":"De Groot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.197051","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease screening: current concepts and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Dougherty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatric Cardiol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Revisiting QRS detection methodologies for portable, wearable, battery-operated, and wireless ECG systems","volume":"9","author":"Elgendi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab407","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Persisting burden and challenges of rheumatic heart disease","volume":"42","author":"Eloi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307444","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in 4720 asymptomatic scholars from South Africa and Ethiopia","volume":"101","author":"Engel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000205","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Revision of the Jones Criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in the era of Doppler echocardiography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"131","author":"Gewitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68128-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Death from rheumatic heart disease in rural Ethiopia","volume":"367","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet 367.9508"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-705X.192572","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease a historical perspective","volume":"17","author":"Hajar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Views"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1053\/berh.2002.0255","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Hil\u00e1rio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-36-1-146","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sinus bradycardia in acute rheumatic fever","volume":"36.1","author":"Hirsch","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2017.01.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparative study of algorithms for ECG segmentation","volume":"34","author":"Idoia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1944.02850430015005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The diagnosis of rheumatic fever","volume":"126","author":"Jones","year":"1944","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1017\/S104795111000079X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Asymptomatic rhythm and conduction abnormalities in children with acute rheumatic fever: 24 h electrocardiography study","volume":"20","author":"Karacan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(73)80091-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"\u2018Sinus rhythm with absent P waves in advanced rheumatic heart disease","volume":"32.1","author":"Khan","year":"1973a","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(73)80091-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sinus rhythm with absent P waves in advanced rheumatic heart disease","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"1973b","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000921","type":"journal-article","article-title":"American heart association council on lifelong congenital heart disease and heart health in the young; council on cardiovascular and stroke nursing; and council on clinical cardiology. contemporary diagnosis and management of rheumatic heart disease: implications for closing the gap: a scientific statement from the american heart association","volume":"142","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308956","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prolonged PR interval, first-degree heart block and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102.9","author":"Kwok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0706","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management","volume":"85","author":"Maganti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib33","author":"Maleki","year":"2021","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7334.415","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ABC of clinical electrocardiography. Introduction. I-Leads, rate, rhythm, and cardiac axis","volume":"324","author":"Meek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2015-037","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease in Africa: is there a role for genetic studies?","volume":"26","author":"Mocumbi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2020.09.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gender differences in the epidemiology of rheumatic fever\/rheumatic heart disease (RF\/RHD) patient population of hill state of northern India; 9 years prospective hospital based, HP-RHD registry","volume":"72","author":"Negi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib37","author":"Park","year":"2014","edition":"6th edn","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/os-13.52.363","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The heart and its rhythm in acute rheumatism","volume":"13","author":"Parkinson","year":"1920","journal-title":"Q J Med."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib39","first-page":"3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ventricular late potentials in patients with rheumatic heart disease","volume":"9.29","author":"Petrov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Heart Vasc. Dis. J."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2020.100639","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ECGdeli\u2014an open source ECG delineation toolbox for MATLAB","volume":"13","author":"Pilia","year":"2021","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.34","type":"journal-article","article-title":"World heart federation.Position statement of the world heart federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease","volume":"10","author":"Remenyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib16","first-page":"379","type":"book","article-title":"Chapter 19\u2014electrophysiology, pacing, and devices","author":"Stephenson","year":"2010","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(48)90087-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Significance of electrocardiographic changes in rheumatic fever","volume":"5.3","author":"Sokolow","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib43","article-title":"Mobile phone-based rheumatic heart disease detection","author":"Springer","year":"2015","type":"other"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316687104","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Community-based prevalence study of rheumatic heart disease in rural Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"Tadesse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Preventive Cardiol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22780","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Auscultation of the heart: the basics with anatomical correlation","volume":"30","author":"Voin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1931.01940190060003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The electrocardiogram in children with chronic rheumatic heart disease and heart failure","volume":"42.6","author":"Weiss","year":"1931","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Children"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29984-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Radar-based heart sound detection","volume":"8","author":"Will","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.232","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease among school children in ethiopia: a multisite echocardiography-based screening","volume":"15","author":"Yadeta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartasia-2016-010829","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spectrum of cardiovascular diseases in six main referral hospitals of Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Yadeta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Asia"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.403","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cardiovascular diseases in sub-saharan africa compared to high-income countries: an epidemiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Yuyun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"pmeaaca6cbbib51","first-page":"3","author":"Ziegler","year":"1951","type":"book"}],"container-title":["Physiological Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:24:34Z","timestamp":1778775874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aca6cb","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-3334","1361-6579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-3334","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6579","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Characterization of rheumatic heart disease from electrocardiogram recordings","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiological Measurement","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2022-05-08","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-11-28","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2023-03-01","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}