{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:19:22Z","timestamp":1777663162226,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Respiratory rate (RR) is an important vital sign but is often neglected. Multiple technologies exist for RR monitoring but are either expensive or impractical. Tri-axial accelerometry represents a minimally intrusive solution for continuous RR monitoring, however, the method has not been validated in a wide RR range. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the agreement between RR estimation from a tri-axial accelerometer and a reference method in a wide RR range. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> Twenty-five healthy participants were recruited. For accelerometer RR estimation, the accelerometer was placed on the abdomen for optimal breathing movement detection. The acquired accelerometry data were processed using a lowpass filter, principal component analysis (PCA), and autocorrelation. The subjects were instructed to breathe at slow, normal, and fast paces in segments of 60\u2009s. A flow meter was used as reference. Furthermore, the PCA-autocorrelation method was compared with a similar single axis method. <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic> The PCA-autocorrelation method resulted in a bias of 0.0 breaths per minute (bpm) and limits of agreement (LOA) = [\u22121.9; 1.9\u2009bpm] compared to the reference. Overall, 99% of the RRs estimated by the PCA-autocorrelation method were within \u00b12 bpm of the reference. A Pearson correlation indicated a very strong correlation with <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.99 (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math\/>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                           <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                     <\/mml:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>0.001). The single axis method resulted in a bias of 3.7\u2009bpm, LOA = [\u221214.9; 22.3\u2009bpm], and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.44 (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math\/>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                           <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                     <\/mml:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>0.001). <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> The results indicate a strong agreement between the PCA-autocorrelation method and the reference. Furthermore, the PCA-autocorrelation method outperformed the single axis method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T22:54:58Z","timestamp":1741388098000},"page":"035005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Accelerometer-based estimation of respiratory rate using principal component analysis and autocorrelation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9620-991X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mads C F","family":"Hostrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4843-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Sofie Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3985-6971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Freja E","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8206-6611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jesper O","family":"Kragballe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0839-8305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Morten U","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0847-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Korsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0917-634X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel E","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8632-6180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dan S","family":"Karbing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-014-9575-5","article-title":"Pulse oximetry-derived respiratory rate in general care floor patients","volume":"29","author":"Addison","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/R01","article-title":"Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement","volume":"28","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5120\/ijca2015906263","article-title":"A novel algorithm to obtain respiratory rate from the PPG signal","volume":"126","author":"Ambekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77778-9","article-title":"Kinematic signature of high risk labored breathing revealed by novel signal analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ashe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2010.50","article-title":"Respiratory rate and flow waveform estimation from tri-axial accelerometer data","author":"Bates","year":"2010"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00154-7","article-title":"Breathing pattern in humans: diversity and individuality","volume":"122","author":"Benchetrit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/10543400701329422","article-title":"Agreement between methods of measurement with multiple observations per individual","volume":"17","author":"Bland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biopharm. Stat."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003029","article-title":"Vital signs monitoring with wearable sensors in high-risk surgical patients a clinical validation study","volume":"132","author":"Breteler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176573","article-title":"Estimation of respiration rate and sleeping position using a wearable accelerometer","author":"Doheny","year":"2020"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2012.21.10.621","article-title":"Critical care: the eight vital signs of patient monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Elliott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.mobihealth.2014.257528","article-title":"Tidal volume variability and respiration rate estimation using a wearable accelerometer sensor","author":"Fekr","year":"2014"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/3156346.3156349","article-title":"Estimating respiration rate using an accelerometer sensor","author":"Hung","year":"2017"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247903","article-title":"Reliability of heart rate and respiration rate measurements with a wireless accelerometer in postbariatric recovery","volume":"16","author":"Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37629-5","article-title":"Interaction of breathing pattern and posture on abdominal muscle activation and intra-abdominal pressure in healthy individuals: a comparative cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Kawabata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185438","article-title":"Moving auto-correlation window approach for heart rate estimation in ballistocardiography extracted by mattress-integrated accelerometers","volume":"20","author":"Laurino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"07TR01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab299e","article-title":"Recent development of respiratory rate measurement technologies","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2017.7985870","article-title":"Accelerometer based system for continuous respiratory rate monitoring","author":"Preejith","year":"2017"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12100834","article-title":"Comparison between chest-worn accelerometer and gyroscope performance for heart rate and respiratory rate monitoring","volume":"12","author":"Romano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/abf01f","article-title":"Estimation of respiratory rate and effort from a chest-worn accelerometer using constrained and recursive principal component analysis","volume":"42","author":"Schipper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2018.2860015","article-title":"Respiration and heartbeat rates measurement based on autocorrelation using IR-UWB radar","volume":"65","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.II"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-020-00302-6","article-title":"Method of respiratory rate measurement using a unique wearable platform and an adaptive optical-based approach","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2003.03258.x","article-title":"Effect of introducing the modified early warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio-pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions","volume":"58","author":"Subbe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)33498-X","article-title":"Breathing patterns: 1. Normal subjects","volume":"84","author":"Tobin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pmeaadbe23bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.84.3.286","article-title":"Breathing patterns: 2. Diseased subjects","volume":"84","author":"Tobin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Physiological Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T05:55:18Z","timestamp":1742363718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/adbe23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-3334","1361-6579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-3334","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6579","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Accelerometer-based estimation of respiratory rate using principal component analysis and autocorrelation","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiological Measurement","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-11-20","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-03-07","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-03-19","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}