{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:47:06Z","timestamp":1787510826859,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021130","name":"BMWK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["16SV9251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16SV9251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DLR","award":["331 50WB2330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["331 50WB2330"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Wearable devices are becoming increasingly prevalent, offering the capability to estimate energy expenditure. Among these devices, the Apple Watch has demonstrated notable results in estimating energy expenditure during physical activity, especially compared to other wearable devices. Its accuracy in determining energy expenditure during electromyostimulation (EMS) training remains unexplored and is investigated in this work.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic>\n                    35 young, healthy adults completed two stepwise increasing bike ergometer protocols (50\/30\/3 protocol) until the maximum physical load was reached with and without EMS support. Energy expenditure estimates from the Apple Watch Series 7 (Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, USA) were compared against gold-standard spirometric calorimetry measurements.\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The Apple Watch Series 7 underestimated energy expenditure compared to spirometric calorimetry for all data (mean difference: \u221227.4 kcal, LoA: 62.2 kcal), for ergometer exercise without EMS (mean difference: \u221228.8 kcal, LoA: 62.8 kcal), and for ergometer exercise with EMS (mean difference: \u221226.0 kcal, LoA: 62.4 kcal) data. We observed strong correlations between the Apple Watch Series 7 and spirometric calorimetry, with\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.93 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) for all data,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.93 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) for exercise without EMS, and\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.93 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) for exercise with EMS.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The Apple Watch Series 7 showed consistent accuracy in estimating energy expenditure during ergometer exercise, both with and without EMS. These findings suggest that the device can reliably monitor energy expenditure during EMS training, exhibiting similar accuracy limitations to conventional exercise settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/adfcaf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T22:51:42Z","timestamp":1755557502000},"page":"095003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Accuracy of energy expenditure estimation by the Apple Watch in EMS-supported exercise"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5363-793X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"V","family":"Heinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Pilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2737-7173","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"T","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H F","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Opatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3420-5915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L","family":"Fesseler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1088-6875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A","family":"Patzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T L","family":"Bothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaadfcafbib1","article-title":"Unit sales of Apple Watches worldwide from 2015 to 2023 (in million units) [Graph]: statista","author":"Apps Bo","year":"2024","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmeaadfcafbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14599","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Performance of two metabolic carts for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (MetaLyzer 3B and Oxycon Pro) in different climatic conditions","volume":"34","author":"Bourgois","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand J. 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