{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T09:25:58Z","timestamp":1763717158508,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["10.69777\/365790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.69777\/365790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"McGill University Health Centre Foundation"},{"name":"McGill Biomedical Research Accelerator"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Peripheral edema is a common issue among elderly individuals with chronic conditions such as heart failure (HF). Continuous, non-invasive monitoring may enable earlier intervention, reduced hospital readmissions, and improved quality of life. This systematic review aims to evaluate the use of bioimpedance (BI) as a method for monitoring peripheral edema, with a particular focus on portable and wearable applications for remote health management.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science to identify studies utilizing BI for the detection or monitoring of lower limb edema with potential for portability or wearability.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Five studies focused on HF patients, while nine involved other populations, such as healthy individuals, patients with limb injuries, or those on hemodialysis. Ten studies featured or proposed portable BI devices, whereas four remained at the proof-of-concept stage without portable implementations. There was significant variability in device design, measurement protocols, and target populations. While existing results show promise, few studies evaluated systems in real-world or long-term monitoring scenarios.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    BI is a promising, non-invasive approach for the continuous monitoring of peripheral edema, particularly in remote and home-based settings. However, current research is limited by small sample sizes, lack of standardization, and minimal validation in diverse, real-world environments. Further development of wearable systems and robust clinical validation is essential to support broader clinical adoption.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T22:54:23Z","timestamp":1762901663000},"page":"11TR01","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioimpedance for peripheral edema assessment in heart failure and clinical practice: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Shania","family":"Tubana-Dean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5952-3442","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-3909","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Razzicchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-3139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2011.00220.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intrathoracic impedance vs daily weight monitoring for predicting worsening heart failure events: results of the Fluid Accumulation Status Trial (FAST)","volume":"17","author":"Abraham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Congest. Heart Fail."},{"article-title":"AD5941\u2014ultra-low power, high precision analog front end for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and bioimpedance measurements Analog Devices","year":"2025","author":"Analog Devices, Inc.","key":"pmeaae1e57bib2","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260742","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Peripheral edema: a common and persistent health problem for older Americans","volume":"16","author":"Besharat","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2014.5731","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mortality in heart failure patients","volume":"15","author":"Byty\u00e7i","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib5","first-page":"172","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bioelectric impedance methods for the estimation of body composition","volume":"15","author":"Chumlea","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144539","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Technical principles and clinical applications of electrical impedance tomography in pulmonary monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Ciu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.031745","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Acute heart failure is a malignant process: but we can induce remission","volume":"12","author":"Cotter","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCAS.2021.3122369","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Flexible PCB failures from dynamic activity and their impacts on bioimpedance measurements: a wearable case study","volume":"2","author":"Critcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-737OC","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Admission peripheral edema, central venous pressure, and survival in critically ill patients","volume":"13","author":"Danziger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/felec.2021.762442","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluating research grade bioimpedance hardware using textile electrodes for long-term fluid status monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Delano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Electron."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aaf277","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluating calf bioimpedance measurements for fluid overload management in a controlled environment","volume":"39","author":"Delano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2616403","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Context-aware system design for remote health monitoring: an application to continuous edema assessment","volume":"16","author":"Fallahzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.06.034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Blood volume analysis-guided heart failure management: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Fudim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Heart Fail."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8204","DOI":"10.3390\/s24248204","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Overview of wearable healthcare devices for clinical decision support in the prehospital setting","volume":"24","author":"Gathright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"article-title":"Peripheral edema StatPearls","year":"2025","author":"Goyal","key":"pmeaae1e57bib15","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12648","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The impact of lower limb chronic oedema on patients\u2019 quality of life","volume":"14","author":"Greene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcle.2024.02.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prognostic value of electrical bioimpedance measured with a portable and wireless device in acute heart failure","volume":"163","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Carretero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2017.02.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Heart failure is not going anywhere: good news, bad news","volume":"23","author":"Hauptman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001063","type":"journal-article","article-title":"AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2008.04.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with heart failure: ask the patients","volume":"38","author":"Heo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2487300","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A robust system for longitudinal knee joint edema and blood flow assessment based on vector bioimpedance measurements","volume":"10","author":"Hersek","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2641958","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Wearable vector electrical bioimpedance system to assess knee joint health","volume":"64","author":"Hersek","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2024.107401","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Wearable ultrasound devices: an emerging era for biomedicine and clinical translation","volume":"142","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"article-title":"SFB7 bioimpedance spectroscopy research device","year":"n.d.","author":"ImpediMed","key":"pmeaae1e57bib24","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib25","type":"book","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance: a history, research issues, and recent consensus","author":"Carlson-Newberry","year":"1997","edition":"(eds)"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.06.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Body fluid volumes measurements by impedance: a review of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) methods","volume":"30","author":"Jaffrin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10895","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610895","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The theory and fundamentals of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"article-title":"Congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema StatPearls","author":"King","key":"pmeaae1e57bib28","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aaea59","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dry electrodes for bioimpedance measurements\u2014design, characterization and comparison","volume":"5","author":"Kusche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis\u2014part I: review of principles and methods","volume":"23","author":"Kyle","year":"2004a","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.09.012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis-part II: utilization in clinical practice","volume":"23","author":"Kyle","year":"2004b","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2927807","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Robust longitudinal ankle edema assessment using wearable bioimpedance spectroscopy","volume":"67","author":"Mabrouk","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3027477","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Robust method for mid-activity tracking and evaluation of ankle health post-injury","volume":"68","author":"Mabrouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2016.02.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The complicating effects of patient limb position on the development of a localised impedimetric-based hydrational index for the remote monitoring of home-based dialysis patients","volume":"37","author":"Montalibet","year":"2016","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3400\/avd.oa.14-00104","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasonographic findings and the clinical results of treatment for lymphedema","volume":"7","author":"Niimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Dis."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.33160\/yam.2020.11.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation methods for the measurement of lower leg edema in healthy young adults","volume":"63","author":"Nishimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yonago Acta Med."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib37","first-page":"202","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasound for the evaluation of skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"112","author":"O\u2019Rourke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","type":"journal-article","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021a","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021b","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib40","first-page":"557","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Peripheral edema: evaluation and management in primary care","volume":"106","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.07.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fatigue in persons with heart failure: a systematic literature review and meta-synthesis using the biopsychosocial model of health","volume":"28","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"article-title":"Oedema assessment Physiopedia","year":"2025","author":"Physiopedia contributors","key":"pmeaae1e57bib42","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.10.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bioelectrical impedance analysis in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema before and after lymphaticovenular anastomosis","volume":"11","author":"Roh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32615","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Guidelines to electrode positioning for human and animal electrical impedance myography research","volume":"6","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113637","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design of wearable textile electrodes for the monitorization of patients with heart failure","volume":"24","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology","volume":"118","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Res."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2024.09.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The canadian heart failure (CAN-HF) registry: a canadian multicentre, retrospective study of outpatients with heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Saveski","year":"2025","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061383","type":"journal-article","article-title":"From bioimpedance to volume estimation: a model for edema calculus in human legs","volume":"12","author":"Scagliusi","year":"2023a","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3273662","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bioimpedance spectroscopy-based edema supervision wearable system for noninvasive monitoring of heart failure","volume":"72","author":"Scagliusi","year":"2023b","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13070679","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent advances and challenges in textile electrodes for wearable biopotential signal monitoring: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Vidhya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050673","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Wearable multi-frequency and multi-segment bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy for unobtrusively tracking body fluid shifts during physical activity in real-field applications: a preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Villa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-02108-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Wearable water content sensor based on ultrasound and magnetic sensing","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmeaae1e57bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S503","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/6\/S42","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A method for the estimation of hydration state during hemodialysis using a calf bioimpedance technique","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."}],"container-title":["Physiological Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T09:22:43Z","timestamp":1763716963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae1e57","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-3334","1361-6579"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0967-3334"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1361-6579"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Bioimpedance for peripheral edema assessment in heart failure and clinical practice: a systematic review","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiological Measurement","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-08-14","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-11-11","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-11-21","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}