{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:07:13Z","timestamp":1771243633099,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023320","name":"College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SVHR-2020-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVHR-2020-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2019R1A2C1086807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A2C1086807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) has emerged as a promising technique for screening cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) since the electrical properties vary with the pathological status of cervical tissues. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ability of CIN screening using multiple features extracted from BIS measurements collected with a multi-electrode BIS probe.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This study enrolled 161 patients with gynecological diseases, including 44 with and 117 without cervical dysplasia. Upon the histological diagnosis, the samples were classified as normal, CIN I, and CIN II with p16 positive (p16(+))\/CIN III. Complex impedance spectra of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    cervical conization tissues were measured using the BIS probe. A Cole\u2013Cole plot was generated from each patient\u2019s data measured on the conized cervix, and various features were extracted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated, and the area under each ROC curve (AUC) was calculated.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    As a result, fifteen features from Cole\u2013Cole plots differed significantly (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    0.01) between normal cervices and CIN. The AUCs based on multiple features, as determined by multivariable logistic regression, were 0.93 for normal cervix vs CIN I, 0.99 for normal cervix vs CIN II p16(+)\/CIN III, and 0.94 for normal cervix vs CIN. These AUCs were improved by 14.8%, 7.6%, and 8.0%, respectively, compared with the results based on features extracted from only the real part of the impedance spectra.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In conclusion, CIN can be accurately diagnosed using multiple features extracted from the impedance spectrum of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    cervical samples. Particularly, this method was highly accurate in classifying CIN II p16(+)\/CIN III, which has a higher risk of progression to cancer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T22:55:32Z","timestamp":1770159332000},"page":"025010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Screening of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia based on multiple features extracted from multi-electrode bioimpedance spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-9733","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Choon Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Jeong Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung","family":"Geun Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1279-2207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhanqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3820-0107","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tong","family":"In Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaae4168bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.07.046","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A clinical study of the use of impedance spectroscopy in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)","volume":"99","author":"Abdul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/95.7.511","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The central role of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in evaluating tests for the early detection of cancer","volume":"95","author":"Baker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2009.08.010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by electrical impedance spectroscopy: the effects of acetic acid and tissue homogeneity","volume":"115","author":"Balasubramani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00530.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using impedance spectroscopy: a prospective study","volume":"112","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG: Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.07.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy-a review of research methodology and impact on the outcomes of quality assurance","volume":"240","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. and Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)09095-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relation between tissue structure and imposed electrical current flow in cervical neoplasia","volume":"355","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib7","article-title":"Statistical theory and methodology in science and engineering","author":"Brownlee","year":"1960","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32470-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cervical cancer","volume":"393","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1750906","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics I. alternating current characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Cole","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/636075","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical bioimpedance analysis: a new method in cervical cancer screening","volume":"2015","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib11","first-page":"pp 27","type":"book","article-title":"Dielectric properties of tissues","author":"Foster","year":"2019"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib14","first-page":"1043","type":"journal-article","article-title":"False-negative results in cervical cytologic studies","volume":"29","author":"Gay","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib15","author":"Hilbe","year":"2009","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib16","first-page":"65","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand. J. Stat."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72270-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ex vivo electrical bioimpedance measurements and Cole modelling on the porcine colon and rectum","volume":"14","author":"Jaimes-Morales","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2021.1998059","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy for alternative cervical cancer screening strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Karisani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/25\/7\/075702","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of a multi-electrode bioimpedance spectroscopy tensor probe to detect the anisotropic conductivity spectra of biological tissues","volume":"25","author":"Karki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib20","author":"Kreyszig","year":"1983","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/964918","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A local region of interest imaging method for electrical impedance tomography with internal electrodes","volume":"2013","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2012.2661","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bioimpedance spectroscopy tensor probe for anisotropic measurements","volume":"48","author":"Kwon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2478\/joeb-2021-0018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cervical cancer prognosis and diagnosis using electrical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electr. Bioimpedance"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib24","author":"Martinsen","year":"2023","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(78)80014-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Basic principles of ROC analysis","volume":"8","author":"Metz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/434\/1\/012056","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cervical cancer detection by electrical impedance in a Colombian setting","volume":"434","author":"Miranda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Conf. Ser."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/407\/1\/012010","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Early detection of cervical intraepitelial neoplasia in a heterogeneos group of colombian women using electrical impedance spectroscopy and the Miranda-L\u00f3pez algorithm","volume":"407","author":"Miranda","year":"2012"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/5\/011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Determination of Cole-Cole parameters using only the real part of electrical impedivity measurements","volume":"29","author":"Miranda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib29","first-page":"212","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impeditividad el\u00e9ctrica en la detecci\u00f3n temprana del c\u00e1ncer cervical","volume":"42","author":"Miranda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. de la Univ. Ind. de Santander. Salud"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1206-1565","type":"journal-article","article-title":"What is a support vector machine?","volume":"24","author":"Noble","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122354","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tissue characterization using an electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy-based multi-electrode probe to screen for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"11","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.17151\/biosa.2015.14.1.3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of electrical impedance spectroscopy for cervical intraepithelial lesions detection","volume":"14","author":"Olarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosalud"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112139","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by electrical impedance spectroscopy in women diagnosed with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in cytology","volume":"13","author":"Panagakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgc.2024.100605","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Screening of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia based on electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13174","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cervical cancer screening: a review","volume":"330","author":"Perkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib36","article-title":"Fundamentals of biostatistics","author":"Rosner","year":"2015","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2307\/2986146","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Remark AS R94: a remark on algorithm AS 181: the W-test for normality","volume":"44","author":"Royston","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc.C"},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.05.025","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Increased detection of high grade CIN, when using electrical impedance spectroscopy as an adjunct to routine colposcopy, is maintained when used across international boundaries: prospective data from nine European countries","volume":"275","author":"Tidy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20001118","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modelling the electrical impedivity of normal and premalignant cervical tissue","volume":"36","author":"Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1109\/10.686795","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Geometric effects on resistivity measurements with four-electrode probes in isotropic and anisotropic tissues","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmeaae4168bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10161933","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Performance evaluation of multiple electrodes based electrical impedance spectroscopic probe for screening of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electronics"}],"container-title":["Physiological Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:17:11Z","timestamp":1771240631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae4168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-3334","1361-6579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-3334","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6579","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Screening of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia based on multiple features extracted from multi-electrode bioimpedance spectroscopy","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiological Measurement","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-10-03","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-02-03","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-02-16","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}