{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T09:06:23Z","timestamp":1784106383057,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004212","name":"P\u00e4ivikki ja Sakari Sohlbergin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004212","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004012","name":"Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004012","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008969","name":"Alfred Kordelinin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008969","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sein\u00e4joki Central Hospital the Competitive State Research Financing of Expert Responsibility Area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["VTR7798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTR7798"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006706","name":"Tampereen Tuberkuloosis\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Foundation of Finnish Anti-Tuberculosis Association"},{"name":"the Research Foundation of Pulmonary Diseases"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["360119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["360119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the State Research Funding for university-level health research, Kuopio University Hospital, Wellbeing Service County of North Savo","award":["5041798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5041798"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases circulatory system load and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Despite being biomarkers of vascular health, photoplethysmography (PPG) signal waveforms have not been systematically investigated in patients with OSA. Thus, we aimed to study the immediate effects of respiratory event characteristics on PPG waveforms and to examine potential patterns that could be associated with cardiovascular health.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We retrospectively analyzed 520 clinical polysomnographies from suspected OSA patients, focusing on three PPG signal segments: 10 s before, during, and 10 s after respiratory events (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 14442 in each segment). We determined PPG waveform parameters (full width at half maximum (FWHM) as well as differences in absolute and relative time (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    , \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and amplitude (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) between systolic peak and dicrotic notch) within each segment and tested the effect of respiratory event type (apnea vs hypopnea) and duration (10\u201320 s, 20\u201330 s, \u2a7e30 s).\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Before and during respiratory events, longer respiratory events significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) increased \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                    and FWHM, and decreased \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    and \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                    . These findings were significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) more pronounced during apneas than hypopneas. After the events, all PPG waveform parameters fluctuated strongly. Moreover, the type and duration of the respiratory event, pre-event values of PPG parameters, and heart rate were significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) associated with changes in the parameter values during the event.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    By analyzing PPG characteristics, we could enhance the evaluation of physiological stress caused by respiratory events in patients with OSA and therefore provide tools for the risk assessment of CVDs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ae7feb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:55:11Z","timestamp":1781909711000},"page":"075006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory event type and duration modulate PPG waveforms in OSA"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9753-5555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jutta","family":"Nurminen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5355-6203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salla","family":"Hietakoste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"},{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Howarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"},{"name":"Darwin Respiratory and Sleep Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3134-5138","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brett","family":"Duce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Alexandra Hospital"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-821X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timo","family":"Lepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"},{"name":"The University of Queensland"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Kuopio University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0351-1332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teemu","family":"Laitinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8252-3996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antti","family":"Kulkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"},{"name":"Sein\u00e4joki Central Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-2115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samu","family":"Kainulainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Kuopio University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaae7febbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70420","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and insight into mechanisms of sympathetic overactivity","volume":"124","author":"Abboud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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Published on behalf of Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-02-03","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-06-19","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-15","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}