{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:39:46Z","timestamp":1792669186646,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01-EB027122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-EB027122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Sensing modalities for cuffless blood pressure (BP) monitoring remain insufficiently characterized. To address this, we used exploratory data analysis (EDA) to evaluate multimodal physiological signals\u2019 associations with reference BP, to gain insight into their BP-related information and characteristics.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Time-synchronized electrocardiogram, photoplethysmography (PPG), and superficial temporal artery tonometry (STAT) signals were collected from 28 sessions across 9 healthy participants during resting and handgrip-induced BP perturbations, referenced against continuous Finapres BP. Pulse transit time (PTT)\/PPG intensity ratio (PIR)-derived and STAT-derived BP estimates were evaluated via participant-level Pearson correlation and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      \u03c6\n                      <jats:sub>k<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    coefficients, dynamic-responsiveness\/baseline-stability measures, and a phase-resolved (stable vs dynamic) analysis.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    PTT\/PIR-derived estimates showed weak linear association with reference SBP (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2248 0.37\u20130.41) and weaker association with diastolic BP (DBP), with nonlinear association (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      \u03c6\n                      <jats:sub>k<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2248 0.58\u20130.62 SBP, 0.38\u20130.57 DBP) exceeding their linear correlation. STAT-derived estimates showed very weak linear correlation but the strongest nonlinear association (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      \u03c6\n                      <jats:sub>k<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2248 0.68 SBP, 0.71 DBP)\u2014modest for systolic BP but more pronounced for DBP. Phase-resolved analysis confirmed STAT tracked BP more closely during the dynamic (handgrip) phase and PTT\/PIR during the stable phase, a genuine, phase-specific pattern rather than a pooling artifact; because Finapres can amplify beat-to-beat amplitude, this should be read relative to that reference, not invasive BP.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These complementary properties motivate a fusion strategy using STAT to track rapid BP changes while PTT\/PIR anchors the baseline. More broadly, this EDA-derived understanding can guide more data-efficient, interpretable models\u2014properties clinicians require regardless of data volume. Given the modest, healthy-only sample, findings should be regarded as preliminary.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:03:56Z","timestamp":1790161436000},"page":"105014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT\/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5451-9646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ye","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6240-4532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Almadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School"},{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline S","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2364-1703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ting","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5097-8707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zijun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5709-201X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gari D","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"},{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8896-2164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary E","family":"Strangman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3389-266X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan-Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"},{"name":"Hong Kong Institutes of Medical Engineering"},{"name":"AICARE Bay Lab at Guangdong Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-7216","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2020.107043","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A new correlation coefficient between categorical, ordinal and interval variables with Pearson characteristics","volume":"152","author":"Baak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/36\/3\/R1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A survey on signals and systems in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring using pulse transit time","volume":"36","author":"Buxi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02345755","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Continuous estimation of systolic blood pressure using the pulse arrival time and intermittent calibration","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2024.3434344","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Wearable blood pressure monitoring devices: understanding heterogeneity in design and evaluation","volume":"71","author":"Cheung","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2402060","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Acute blood pressure response to different types of isometric exercise: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Coneglian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2480679","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Continuous cuffless blood pressure estimation using pulse transit time and photoplethysmogram intensity ratio","volume":"63","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11507-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pulse transit time based continuous cuffless blood pressure estimation: a new extension and a comprehensive evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E215","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.23.e215","type":"journal-article","article-title":"PhysioBank, PhysioToolkit, and PhysioNet: components of a new research resource for complex physiologic signals","volume":"101","author":"Goldberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib9","author":"Hoaglin","year":"2000","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/016173467900100406","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurements of Young\u2019s modulus of elasticity of the canine aorta with ultrasound","volume":"1","author":"Hughes","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00067-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fifteen years experience with finger arterial pressure monitoring: assessment of the technology","volume":"38","author":"Imholz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/36\/8\/1665","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multimodal heart beat detection using signal quality indices","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/9\/1491","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamic time warping and machine learning for signal quality assessment of pulsatile signals","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/1\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Robust heart rate estimation from multiple asynchronous noisy sources using signal quality indices and a Kalman filter","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003480","type":"journal-article","article-title":"2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)","volume":"41","author":"Mancia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)","volume":"45","author":"McEvoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3153259","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A comparison of wearable tonometry, photoplethysmography, and electrocardiography for cuffless measurement of blood pressure in an ambulatory setting","volume":"26","author":"Mieloszyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.24822","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cuffless blood pressure measurement: where do we actually stand?","volume":"82","author":"Mukkamala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.13.6.647","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison of finger and intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring at rest and during laboratory testing","volume":"13","author":"Parati","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib20","article-title":"Cuff-less and noninvasive measurements of arterial blood pressure by pulse transit time","author":"Poon","year":"2006","type":"conference-proceedings"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153420","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Blood pressure estimation from photoplethysmogram using a spectro-temporal deep neural network","volume":"19","author":"Slapni\u010dar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00733-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relationship between clinic and ambulatory blood pressure and mortality: an observational cohort study in 59 124 patients","volume":"401","author":"Staplin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib24","author":"Tukey","year":"1977","type":"book"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2876087","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Technology development for simultaneous wearable monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics and blood pressure","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib26","type":"dataset","article-title":"Wearable multimodality blood pressure monitoring","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang Q 2026 Wearable multimodality blood pressure monitoring PhysioNet (available at: https:\/\/physionet.org\/ )"},{"key":"pmeaaeab62bib27","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","type":"book"}],"container-title":["Physiological Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:54:15Z","timestamp":1792666455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeab62","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-3334","1361-6579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-3334","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6579","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Exploratory data analysis of tonometry and PTT\/PIR signals for cuffless blood pressure monitoring: dynamic responsiveness versus baseline stability","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physiological Measurement","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-05-14","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-22","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-10-22","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}