{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:54:25Z","timestamp":1790812465636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"State of S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2016\/22215-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/22215-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["310612\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310612\/2019-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["425360\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["425360\/2018-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol. Meas."],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:italic>\n . The link between ultrafast heart period (HP) dynamics and baroreflex is poorly analyzed, especially in pathologies altering autonomic regulation. This study assesses this link via heart rate fragmentation (HRF) analysis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with or without cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN).\n Approach<\/jats:italic>\n . Sixty-four individuals with T2DM, divided into those with CAN (DM\n CAN<\/jats:sub>\n , n=28, 55-62 yrs, 17 males) and without CAN (DM\n noCAN<\/jats:sub>\n , n=36, 49-61 yrs, 19 males), were evaluated at supine resting (REST) and during active standing (STAND). HRF was calculated using sequences of four consecutive HPs categorized as words with zero (W\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n ), one (W\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n ), two (W\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), three (W\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) and total (PIP) inflection points. Baroreflex control was assessed from HP and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variabilities cross-spectral analyses in low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands and via sequence method (SEQ). Also squared coherence between HP and SAP in LF and HF bands, namely K\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n HP-SAP<\/jats:sub>\n (LF) and K\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n HP-SAP<\/jats:sub>\n (HF), and percentage of baroreflex sequences (%\n SEQ<\/jats:sub>\n ) were assessed.\n Main results<\/jats:italic>\n . W\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n was higher in DM\n CAN<\/jats:sub>\n at REST compared to DM\n noCAN<\/jats:sub>\n and W\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n increased in STAND for both groups. At REST %\n SEQ<\/jats:sub>\n and K\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n HP-SAP<\/jats:sub>\n (HF) were positively associated with W\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n and W\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n , while they were negatively associated with W\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n and PIP. During STAND K\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n HP-SAP<\/jats:sub>\n (LF), %\n SEQ<\/jats:sub>\n and \u03b1\n SEQ<\/jats:sub>\n were negatively correlated with PIP and W\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n .\n Significance<\/jats:italic>\n . Greater presence of inflection points in 4-beat words was associated with a less effective baroreflex, thus suggesting that an impaired baroreflex augmented the likelihood of fast HP changes in DM\n CAN<\/jats:sub>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeae9f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:55:54Z","timestamp":1790808954000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heart rate fragmentation and its relationship with baroreflex control in type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1088","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-4760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Aguiar Mesquita","family":"Galdino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University off S\u00e3o Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Beltrame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia De Souza","family":"Sant'anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2449-203X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9ia Machado","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Rehder-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9tore De Favari","family":"Signini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubens","family":"Fazan Jr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Eduardo Virgilio","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparecida Maria","family":"Catai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"container-title":["Physiological Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeae9f","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeae9f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeae9f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeae9f\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:55:55Z","timestamp":1790808955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeae9f"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6579\/aeae9f","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-3334","1361-6579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-3334","type":"print"},{"value":"1361-6579","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}