{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:55:24Z","timestamp":1788947724882,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1947146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1947146"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rep. Prog. Phys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This article critically reviews research on tornado theory and observations over the last decade. From the theoretical standpoint, the major advances have come through improved numerical-simulation models of supercell convective storms, which contain the tornado\u2019s parent circulation. These simulations are carried out on a large domain (to capture the supercell\u2019s circulation system), but with high grid resolution and improved representations of sub-grid physics (to capture the tornado). These simulations offer new insights into how and why tornadoes form in some supercells, but not others. Observational advances have come through technological improvements of mobile Doppler radars capable of rapid scanning and dual-polarization measurements, which offer a much more accurate view of tornado formation, tornado structure, and the tornado\u2019s place within its parent supercell.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/ad7f6a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T22:50:18Z","timestamp":1727304618000},"page":"114801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recent developments in tornado theory and observations"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3906-8785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Rotunno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1090-2457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Howard B","family":"Bluestein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ropad7f6abib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-21-0122.1","article-title":"Three-dimensional thermodynamic observations in supercell thunderstorm from swarms of balloon-borne sondes","volume":"150","author":"Bartos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mon. 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