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Prog. Phys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Piezoelectric\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -glycine is a promising molecular crystal, yet its controlled preparation remains challenging. Current nanoconfinement strategies, which rely primarily on rigid templates or simulations, cannot reliably capture the intrinsic confinement regime that leads to\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -phase formation. Here, we propose electric-field-driven nanoconfinement as a one-step, continuous, and interface-free approach to investigate glycine crystallization and to define the confinement regime that yields the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -phase. We produced glycine nanoparticles via electrohydrodynamic spraying under a direct current field, automatically varying the spraying height to modulate nanoconfinement during nucleation and growth. Structural, morphological, and piezoelectric characterizations reveal that pure\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -glycine forms within a crystal radius range of 5\u2013120 nm. By integrating these findings with thermodynamic and kinetic analysis, we elucidate the mechanism of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -phase formation and construct a crystallization phase map that delineates the confinement conditions necessary for its stabilization. This work identifies the critical nanoconfinement parameters for accessing piezoelectric\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -glycine and provides fundamental insights into polymorph control in molecular crystalline materials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/ae672b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:38:25Z","timestamp":1777595905000},"page":"058001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electric-field-driven nanoconfinement and the 5\u2013120 nm stability regime of piezoelectric\n                    <i>\u03b2<\/i>\n                    -glycine"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Kexin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-0457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhengbao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ropae672bbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/27\/10\/103102","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Soft matter in hard confinement: phase transition thermodynamics, structure, texture, diffusion and flow in nanoporous media","volume":"27","author":"Huber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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