{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:37:36Z","timestamp":1790375856421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1028564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1028564"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Biocompatibility is a major issue for chronic neural implants, involving inflammatory and wound healing responses of neurons and glial cells. To enhance biocompatibility, we developed silicon-parylene hybrid neural probes with open architecture electrodes, microfluidic channels and a reservoir for drug delivery to suppress tissue responses.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We chronically implanted our neural probes in the rat auditory cortex and investigated (1) whether open architecture electrode reduces inflammatory reaction by measuring glial responses; and (2) whether delivery of antibiotic minocycline reduces inflammatory and tissue reaction. Four weeks after implantation, immunostaining for glial fibrillary acid protein (astrocyte marker) and ionizing calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (macrophages\/microglia cell marker) were conducted to identify immunoreactive astrocyte and microglial cells, and to determine the extent of astrocytes and microglial cell reaction\/activation. A comparison was made between using traditional solid-surface electrodes and newly-designed electrodes with open architecture, as well as between deliveries of minocycline and artificial cerebral-spinal fluid diffused through microfluidic channels.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The new probes with integrated micro-structures induced minimal tissue reaction compared to traditional electrodes at 4 weeks after implantation. Microcycline delivered through integrated microfluidic channels reduced tissue response as indicated by decreased microglial reaction around the neural probes implanted.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The new design will help enhance the long-term stability of the implantable devices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa52dc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]],"date-time":"2017-02-03T05:15:39Z","timestamp":1486098939000},"page":"026008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Enhanced biocompatibility of neural probes by integrating microstructures and delivering anti-inflammatory agents via microfluidic channels"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University College of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Meggo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Kallakuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University College of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University College of Engineering"},{"name":"Wayne State University College of Engineering"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wayne State University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts & Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneaa52dcbib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-121813-120655","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical stimuli in the central nervous system microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2016-08-19","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2016-12-09","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2017-02-03","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}