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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We investigated the feasibility of a novel, customizable, simplified EMG-driven musculoskeletal model for estimating coordinated hand and wrist motions during a real-time path tracing task.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A two-degree-of-freedom computational musculoskeletal model was implemented for real-time EMG-driven control of a stick figure hand displayed on a computer screen. After 5\u201310\u2009minutes of undirected practice, subjects were given three attempts to trace 10 straight paths, one at a time, with the fingertip of the virtual hand. Able-bodied subjects completed the task on two separate test days.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Across subjects and test days, there was a significant linear relationship between log-transformed measures of accuracy and speed (Pearson\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2009=\u2009\u20090.25,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2009&lt;\u2009\u20090.0001). The amputee subject could coordinate movement between the wrist and MCP joints, but favored metacarpophalangeal joint motion more highly than able-bodied subjects in 8 of 10 trials. For able-bodied subjects, tracing accuracy was lower at the extremes of the model\u2019s range of motion, though there was no apparent relationship between tracing accuracy and fingertip location for the amputee. Our result suggests that, unlike able-bodied subjects, the amputee\u2019s motor control patterns were not accustomed to the multi-joint dynamics of the wrist and hand, possibly as a result of post-amputation cortical plasticity, disuse, or sensory deficits.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To our knowledge, our study is one of very few that have demonstrated the real-time simultaneous control of multi-joint movements, especially wrist and finger movements, using an EMG-driven musculoskeletal model, which differs from the many data-driven algorithms that dominate the literature on EMG-driven prosthesis control. Real-time control was achieved with very little training and simple, quick (~15\u2009s) calibration. Thus, our model is potentially a practical and effective control platform for multifunctional myoelectric prostheses that could restore more life-like hand function for individuals with upper limb amputation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa61bc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]],"date-time":"2017-02-21T06:15:22Z","timestamp":1487657722000},"page":"036008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Musculoskeletal model-based control interface mimics physiologic hand dynamics during path tracing task"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dustin L","family":"Crouch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He (Helen)","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneaa61bcbib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005\u20132050","volume":"89","author":"Ziegler-Graham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. 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