{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:08:15Z","timestamp":1792793295133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]],"date-time":"2018-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]],"date-time":"2018-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RSF: 14-15-00788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSF: 14-15-00788"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"The European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ERC-2015-CoG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2015-CoG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Wings for life to MC","award":["WFL-DEE-ARM: 5695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WFL-DEE-ARM: 5695"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043zam433","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Swiss National Science Foundation including the Sinergia program","award":["CRSII3_160696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRSII3_160696"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yjd3n13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Robotics, NanoTera.ch program","award":["SpineRepair: 20NA21_145923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SpineRepair: 20NA21_145923"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We recently developed soft neural interfaces enabling the delivery of electrical and chemical stimulation to the spinal cord. These stimulations restored locomotion in animal models of paralysis. Soft interfaces can be placed either below or above the dura mater. Theoretically, the subdural location combines many advantages, including increased selectivity of electrical stimulation, lower stimulation thresholds, and targeted chemical stimulation through local drug delivery. However, these advantages have not been documented, nor have their functional impact been studied\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    or in a relevant animal model of neurological disorders using a multimodal neural interface.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We characterized the recruitment properties of subdural interfaces using a realistic computational model of the rat spinal cord that included explicit representation of the spinal roots. We then validated and complemented computer simulations with electrophysiological experiments in rats. We additionally performed behavioral experiments in rats that received a lateral spinal cord hemisection and were implanted with a soft interface.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results. In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments showed that the subdural location decreased stimulation thresholds compared to the epidural location while retaining high specificity. This feature reduces power consumption and risks of long-term damage in the tissues, thus increasing the clinical safety profile of this approach. The hemisection induced a transient paralysis of the leg ipsilateral to the injury. During this period, the delivery of electrical stimulation restricted to the injured side combined with local chemical modulation enabled coordinated locomotor movements of the paralyzed leg without affecting the non-impaired leg in all tested rats. Electrode properties remained stable over time, while anatomical examinations revealed excellent bio-integration properties.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Soft neural interfaces inserted subdurally provide the opportunity to deliver electrical and chemical neuromodulation therapies using a single, bio-compatible and mechanically compliant device that effectively alleviates locomotor deficits after spinal cord injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T11:45:12Z","timestamp":1516189512000},"page":"026024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Advantages of soft subdural implants for the delivery of electrochemical neuromodulation therapies to the spinal cord"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0975-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Capogrosso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"},{"name":"University of Fribourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Gandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Greiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"},{"name":"University of Fribourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Martin","family":"Moraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Wenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Shkorbatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"},{"name":"Pavlov Institute of Physiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Musienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg State University"},{"name":"Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies"},{"name":"Research Institute of Phthysiopulmonology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Minev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"},{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Lacour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Courtine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneaaa87abib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu038","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Altering spinal cord excitability enables voluntary movements after chronic complete paralysis in humans","volume":"137","author":"Angeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12235","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Longevity and cost of implantable intrathecal drug delivery systems for chronic pain management: a retrospective analysis of 365 patients","volume":"18","author":"Bolash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/14\/1\/016007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A 3D map of the hindlimb motor representation in the lumbar spinal cord in Sprague Dawley rats","volume":"14","author":"Borrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/1\/005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Analysis of the quasi-static approximation for calculating potentials generated by neural stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Bossetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20118","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A brain-spine interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord injury in primates","volume":"539","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19326","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1688-13.2013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A computational model for epidural electrical stimulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits","volume":"33","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2003.822763","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Epidural spinal-cord stimulation facilitates recovery of functional walking following incomplete spinal-cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Carhart","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325649","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A theoretical study of epidural electrical stimulation of the spinal cord\u2014part II: effects on long myelinated fibers","volume":"BME-32","author":"Coburn","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2401","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transformation of nonfunctional spinal circuits into functional states after the loss of brain input","volume":"12","author":"Courtine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.09.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Training locomotor networks","volume":"57","author":"Edgerton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302ra134","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac5811","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pronounced species divergence in corticospinal tract reorganization and functional recovery after lateralized spinal cord injury favors primates","volume":"7","author":"Friedli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.6.2470","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Models of recruitment and rate coding organization in motor-unit pools","volume":"70","author":"Fuglevand","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of a multi-electrode array for spinal cord epidural stimulation to facilitate stepping and standing after a complete spinal cord injury in adult rats","volume":"10","author":"Gad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/18\/5287","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of a new generation of high-resolution anatomical models for medical device evaluation: the virtual population 3.0","volume":"59","author":"Gosselin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.6.1179","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The NEURON simulation environment","volume":"9","author":"Hines","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2002._2005.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Which neuronal elements are activated directly by spinal cord stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Holsheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3626469","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intradural approach to selective stimulation in the spinal cord for treatment of intractable pain: design principles and wireless protocol","volume":"110","author":"Howard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114938","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of intradural stimulation efficiency and selectivity in a computational model of spinal cord stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Howell","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-014-1157-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison of spinal cord stimulation profiles from intra- and extradural electrode arrangements by finite element modelling","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00767.2005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spinal cord maps of spatiotemporal alpha-motoneuron activation in humans walking at different speeds","volume":"95","author":"Ivanenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000649","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Computational analysis of kilohertz frequency spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain management","volume":"122","author":"Lempka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.4.1592","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Extracellular stimulation of central neurons: influence of stimulus waveform and frequency on neuronal output","volume":"88","author":"Mcintyre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00353.2001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modeling the excitability of mammalian nerve fibers: influence of afterpotentials on the recovery cycle","volume":"87","author":"Mcintyre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib024","author":"Medtronic","year":"2016","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols","volume":"141","author":"Merrill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260318","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electronic dura mater for long-term multimodal neural interfaces","volume":"347","author":"Minev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the neuromodulation of spinal circuits for correcting gait and balance deficits after spinal cord injury","volume":"89","author":"Moraud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2027226","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Combinatory electrical and pharmacological neuroprosthetic interfaces to regain motor function after spinal cord injury","volume":"56","author":"Musienko","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen295","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Changing body position alters the location of the spinal cord within the vertebral canal: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"101","author":"Ranger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2011.2151878","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A computational model for the stimulation of rat sciatic nerve using a transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode","volume":"19","author":"Raspopovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101039","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbosacral cord: 2. Quantitative analysis by computer modeling","volume":"38","author":"Rattay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133998","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation for standing after chronic complete paralysis in humans","volume":"10","author":"Rejc","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.2.648","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Computer simulation of group Ia EPSPs using morphologically realistic models of cat alpha-motoneurons","volume":"64","author":"Segev","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib034","author":"Sengul","year":"2013","type":"book"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/1\/016005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Upper-limb muscle responses to epidural, subdural and intraspinal stimulation of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"11","author":"Sharpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/3\/036001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cervical intraspinal microstimulation evokes robust forelimb movements before and after injury","volume":"10","author":"Sunshine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217416","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Restoring voluntary control of locomotion after paralyzing spinal cord injury","volume":"336","author":"Van Den Brand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jneaaa87abib038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.04.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuroprosthetic technologies to augment the impact of neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury","volume":"58","author":"Van Den Brand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.01.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrophysiology and morphometry of the A\u03b1- and A\u03b2-fiber populations in the normal and regenerating rat sciatic nerve","volume":"187","author":"Vleggeert-Lankamp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4025","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatiotemporal neuromodulation therapies engaging muscle synergies improve motor control after spinal cord injury","volume":"22","author":"Wenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"jneaaa87abib041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255ra133","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008325","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Closed-loop neuromodulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits controls refined locomotion after complete spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Wenger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/1741-2552\/15\/i=2\/a=026024?key=crossref.771e50657e4c4ca1b709bb5b90a267b5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/1741-2552\/15\/i=2\/a=026024\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/1741-2552\/15\/i=2\/a=026024\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/stacks.iop.org\/1741-2552\/15\/i=2\/a=026024?key=crossref.771e50657e4c4ca1b709bb5b90a267b5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T13:24:52Z","timestamp":1779542692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaa87a","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Advantages of soft subdural implants for the delivery of electrochemical neuromodulation therapies to the spinal cord","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2017-10-16","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-01-17","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-02-16","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}