{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:58:35Z","timestamp":1791824315943,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-NCI","award":["R03NS054783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03NS054783"]}]},{"name":"NIH-NINDS","award":["1R01NS101362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01NS101362"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000135","name":"NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHNIMH 1R01MH111896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHNIMH 1R01MH111896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000135","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"New York Department of Health","award":["DOH01-C31291GG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOH01-C31291GG"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Understanding how current reaches the brain during transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) underpins efforts to rationalize outcomes and optimize interventions. To this end, computational models of current flow relate applied dose to brain electric field. Conventional tES modeling considers distinct tissues like scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter and white matter. The properties of highly conductive CSF are especially important. However, modeling the space between skull and brain as entirely CSF is not an accurate representation of anatomy. The space conventionally modeled as CSF is approximately half meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia) with lower conductivity. However, the resolution required to describe individual meningeal layers is computationally restrictive in an MRI-derived head model. Emulating the effect of meninges through CSF conductivity modification could improve accuracy with minimal cost.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Models with meningeal layers were developed in a concentric sphere head model. Then, in a model with only CSF between skull and brain, CSF conductivity was optimized to emulate the effect of meningeal layers on cortical electric field for multiple electrode positions. This emulated conductivity was applied to MRI-derived models.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Compared to a model with conventional CSF conductivity (1.65 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), emulated CSF conductivity (0.85 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) produced voltage fields better correlated with intracranial recordings from epilepsy patients.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Conventional tES models have been validated using intracranial recording. Residual errors may nonetheless impact model utility. Because CSF is so conductive to current flow, misrepresentation of the skull-brain interface as entirely CSF is not realistic for tES modeling. Updating the conventional model with a CSF conductivity emulating the effect of the meninges enhances modeling accuracy without increasing model complexity. This allows existing modeling pipelines to be leveraged with a simple conductivity change. Using 0.85 S m\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    emulated CSF conductivity is recommended as the new standard in non-invasive brain stimulation modeling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T18:02:19Z","timestamp":1572976939000},"page":"016027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Enhanced tES and tDCS computational models by meninges emulation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis Q","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Esmaeilpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4178-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashar W","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marom","family":"Bikson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneab549dbib001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.049","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Targeted transcranial direct current stimulation for rehabilitation after stroke","volume":"75","author":"Dmochowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6347236","type":"other","article-title":"A pipeline for the simulation of transcranial direct current stimulation for realistic human head models using SCIRun\/BioMesh3D","author":"Dannhauer","year":"2012"},{"key":"jneab549dbib003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02141.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"tDCS-induced analgesia and electrical fields in pain-related neural networks in chronic migraine","volume":"52","author":"DaSilva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"jneab549dbib004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/2\/007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial current stimulation focality using disc and ring electrode configurations: FEM analysis","volume":"5","author":"Datta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.05.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Computational modeling of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in obesity: Impact of head fat and dose guidelines","volume":"2","author":"Truong","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"jneab549dbib006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00091","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inter-individual variation during transcranial direct current stimulation and normalization of dose using MRI-derived computational models","volume":"3","author":"Datta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers Psychiatry"},{"key":"jneab549dbib007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Physiological and modeling evidence for focal transcranial electrical brain stimulation in humans: a basis for high-definition tDCS","volume":"74","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.10.026","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Imaging artifacts induced by electrical stimulation during conventional fMRI of the brain","volume":"85","author":"Antal","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31236","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31236","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatiotemporal structure of intracranial electric fields induced by transcranial electric stimulation in humans and nonhuman primates","volume":"6","author":"Opitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneab549dbib010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18834","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18834","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurements and models of electric fields in the in vivo human brain during transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"jneab549dbib011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34385","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34385","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vivo imaging of magnetic fields induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in human brain using MRI","volume":"6","author":"Jog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneab549dbib012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/3\/036018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Validation of finite element model of transcranial electrical stimulation using scalp potentials: implications for clinical dose","volume":"10","author":"Datta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rigor and reproducibility in research with transcranial electrical stimulation: an NIMH-sponsored workshop","volume":"11","author":"Bikson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneab549dbib014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneab549dbib015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.11.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Individualized model predicts brain current flow during transcranial direct-current stimulation treatment in responsive stroke patient","volume":"4","author":"Datta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneab549dbib016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24766","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Direct current stimulation over the anterior temporal areas boosts semantic processing in primary progressive aphasia","volume":"80","author":"Teichmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The electric field in the cortex during transcranial current stimulation","volume":"70","author":"Miranda","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)74750-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Glucose and mannitol diffusion in human dura mater","volume":"85","author":"Bashkatov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"jneab549dbib020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1997.16.11.725","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human dural thickness measured by ultrasonographic method: reflection of intracranial pressure","volume":"16","author":"Kuchiwaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"jneab549dbib021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/279814","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Histology and morphology of the brain subarachnoid trabeculae","volume":"2015","author":"Saboori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anat. Res. Int."},{"key":"jneab549dbib022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.876795","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mapping the distance between the brain and the inner surface of the skull and their global asymmetries","volume":"7962","author":"Fournier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"jneab549dbib023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.912427","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Influence of CSF on EEG sensitivity distributions of multilayered head models","volume":"55","author":"Wendel","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.12.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The New York head\u2014a precise standardized volume conductor model for EEG source localization and tES targeting","volume":"140","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.03.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinician accessible tools for GUI computational models of transcranial electrical stimulation: BONSAI and SPHERES","volume":"7","author":"Truong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneab549dbib026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6459","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/20\/6459","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The point spread function of the human head and its implications for transcranial current stimulation","volume":"57","author":"Dmochowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab208d","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Realistic volumetric-approach to simulate transcranial electric stimulation-ROAST-a fully automated open-source pipeline","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340","type":"other","article-title":"Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: a useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS?","author":"Thielscher","year":"2015"},{"key":"jneab549dbib029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-013-0087-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"COMETS: a MATLAB toolbox for simulating local electric fields generated by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"3","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"jneab549dbib030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/6\/066004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Automated MRI segmentation for individualized modeling of current flow in the human head","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: I. Literature survey","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055772","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro","volume":"557","author":"Bikson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025606415858","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurement of the Conductivity of skull, temporarily removed during epilepsy surgery","volume":"16","author":"Hoekema","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"jneab549dbib034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00825","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Manipulation of human verticality using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers Neurol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.05.020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrode montages for tDCS and weak transcranial electrical stimulation: role of \u2018return\u2019 electrode\u2019s position and size","volume":"121","author":"Bikson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)70884-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Unbiased nonlinear average age-appropriate brain templates from birth to adulthood","volume":"47","author":"Fonov","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12786","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Automatic M1-SO Montage Headgear for transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) suitable for home and high-throughput in-clinic applications","volume":"22","author":"Knotkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jneab549dbib038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.401","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The pursuit of DLPFC: non-neuronavigated methods to target the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex with symmetric bicephalic transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"8","author":"Seibt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneab549dbib039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib040","first-page":"371","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The ten-twenty electrode system of the International Federation","volume":"10","author":"Jasper","year":"1958","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/1\/016007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electric field strength and focality in electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy: a finite element simulation study","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Incomplete evidence that increasing current intensity of tDCS boosts outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Esmaeilpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneab549dbib043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/21\/6961","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of anisotropic conductivity in the skull and white matter on transcranial direct current stimulation via an anatomically realistic finite element head model","volume":"57","author":"Suh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/611962)","type":"web-resource","article-title":"Comparing and validating automated tools for individualized electric field simulations in the human head","author":"Puonti","year":"2019"},{"key":"jneab549dbib045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/3\/036002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The value and cost of complexity in predictive modelling: role of tissue anisotropic conductivity and fibre tracts in neuromodulation","volume":"11","author":"Shahid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.06.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Guidelines for precise and accurate computational models of tDCS","volume":"5","author":"Bikson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneab549dbib047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21479","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electric field calculations in brain stimulation based on finite elements: an optimized processing pipeline for the generation and usage of accurate individual head models","volume":"34","author":"Windhoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"jneab549dbib048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2116019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: estimation of the electric field and of the current density in an anatomical head model","volume":"58","author":"Parazzini","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.052","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in a realistic head model","volume":"51","author":"Sadleir","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2339014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of anatomical variability on electric field characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy: a parametric modeling study","volume":"23","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.061","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impact of the gyral geometry on the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"54","author":"Thielscher","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.01.027","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study","volume":"35","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneab549dbib053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inter-subject variability in electric fields of motor cortical tDCS","volume":"8","author":"Laakso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneab549dbib054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/11\/002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz\u201320 GHz","volume":"41","author":"Gabriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"jneab549dbib055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014590923185","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Conductivities of three-layer live human skull","volume":"14","author":"Akhtari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"jneab549dbib056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1109\/10.554770","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The electrical conductivity of human cerebrospinal fluid at body temperature","volume":"44","author":"Baumann","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02474537","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The specific resistance of biological material\u2014a compendium of data for the biomedical engineer and physiologist","volume":"5","author":"Geddes","year":"1967","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"jneab549dbib058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01466734","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Protein size and cerebrospinal fluid composition","volume":"52","author":"Felgenhauer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"jneab549dbib059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6162199","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasensitive stain for proteins in polyacrylamide gels shows regional variation in cerebrospinal fluid proteins","volume":"211","author":"Merril","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jneab549dbib060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.1999.02986.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Barrier mechanisms in the brain, I. Adult brain","volume":"26","author":"Saunders","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T15:32:19Z","timestamp":1768663939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab549d","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Enhanced tES and tDCS computational models by meninges emulation","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2019-01-30","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2019-11-05","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2020-01-14","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}