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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To promote clinical applications of muscle-synergy-based neurorehabilitation techniques, this study aims to clarify any potential modulations of both the muscular compositions and temporal activations of forearm muscle synergies for multiple movements under variant force levels and arm positions.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Two groups of healthy subjects participated in this study. Electromyography (EMG) signals were collected when they performed four hand and wrist movements under variant constraints\u2014three different force levels for one group and five arm positions for the other. Muscle synergies were extracted from the EMGs, and their robustness across variant force levels and arm positions was separately assessed by evaluating their across-condition structure similarity, cross-validation, and cluster analysis. The synergies\u2019 activation coefficients across the variant constraints were also compared, and the coefficients were used to discriminate the different force levels and the arm positions, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Overall, the muscle synergies were relatively fixed across variant constraints, but they were more robust to variant forces than to changing arm positions. The activations of muscle synergies depended largely on the level of contraction force and could discriminate the force levels very well, but the coefficients corresponding to different arm positions discriminated the positions with lower accuracy. Similar results were found for all types of forearm movement analyzed.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . With our experiment and subject-specific analysis, only slight modulation of the muscular compositions of forearm muscle synergies was found under variant force and arm position constraints. Our results may shed valuable insights to future design of both muscle-synergy-based assistive robots and motor-function assessments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab7c1a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T17:30:22Z","timestamp":1583256622000},"page":"026015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Modulation of muscle synergies for multiple forearm movements under variant force and arm position constraints"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0735-7665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanjie","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1945-1402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwarotimi Williams","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6031-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanglin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneab7c1abib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7601","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901512106","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Simplified and effective motor control based on muscle synergies to exploit musculoskeletal dynamics","volume":"106","author":"Berniker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 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