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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Evaluate electrochemical properties, biological response, and surface characterization of a conductive hydrogel (CH) coating following chronic\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulation.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Coated CH or uncoated smooth platinum (Pt) electrode arrays were implanted into the cochlea of rats and stimulated over a 5 week period with more than 57 million biphasic current pulses. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), charge storage capacity (CSC), charge injection limit (CIL), and voltage transient (VT) impedance were measured on the bench before and after stimulation, and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    during the stimulation program. Electrically-evoked auditory brainstem responses were recorded to monitor neural function. Following explant, the cochleae were examined histologically and electrodes were examined using scanning electron microscopy.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . CH coated electrodes demonstrated a bench-top electrochemical advantage over Pt electrodes before and after the electrical stimulation program.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , CH coated electrodes also had a significant advantage over Pt electrodes throughout the stimulation program, exhibiting higher CSC (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002), larger CIL (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.002), and lower VT impedance (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). The CH cohort exhibited a greater tissue response (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.003) with small deposits of particulate material within the tissue capsule. There was no loss in auditory neuron density or change in neural response thresholds in any cochleae. Examination of the electrode surface revealed that most CH electrodes exhibited some coating loss; however, there was no evidence of corrosion in the underlying Pt.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . CH coated electrodes demonstrated significant electrochemical advantages on the bench-top and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and maintained neural function despite an increased tissue response and coating loss. While further research is required to understand the cause of the coating loss, CH electrodes provide promise for use in neural prostheses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab7cfc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T17:15:26Z","timestamp":1583428526000},"page":"026018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Electrochemical and biological performance of chronically stimulated conductive hydrogel electrodes"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley N","family":"Dalrymple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9162-465X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulises A","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-6059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryony A","family":"Nayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rylie A","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4414-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A","family":"Poole-Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2686-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James B","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4239-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert K","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneab7cfcbib1","article-title":"Investigation of platinum electrode degradation in bovine calf serum","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","type":"other"},{"key":"jneab7cfcbib2","article-title":"Physico-mechanical design of conducting polymers for neural interface applications","author":"Baek","year":"2012","type":"other"},{"key":"jneab7cfcbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2217\/bem-2019-0014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Applications of PEDOT in bioelectronic medicine","volume":"2","author":"Boehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioelectron. 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