{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:21:13Z","timestamp":1793481673747,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 81801787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 81801787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Transcranial temporally interfering stimulation (tTIS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation method, which has been reported to be able to affect the activity of small neuronal populations. To pinpoint smaller regions of the brain, a multi-channel tTIS strategy is proposed with larger numbers of electrodes and multiple sets of interfering fields.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    First, a computational model is adopted to prove the concept of multi-channel tTIS theoretically. Besides, animal experiments are implemented to activate motor cortex neurons in living mice and different frequencies are attempted. Finally, to better understand the envelope modulation properties of the two applied fields, tissue phantom measurement is conducted.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The focality of six-channel (six electrode pairs) tTIS is increased by 46.7% and 70.2% respectively, compared with that of single-channel tTIS when maximal amplitude value drops by 3 dB and 6 dB in a numerical computation experiment. Furthermore, the focality of multi-channel tTIS is less sensitive to the electrode position. Confirmed with the myoelectricity signal, the movement frequencies of the contralateral forepaw are consistent with the corresponding difference frequencies. What is more, compared to single-channel (one electrode pair) tTIS with multi-channel (three electrode pairs) tTIS, the intensity of multi-channel tTIS stimulation is decreased by 28.5% on average in animal experiments. The c-fos-positive neurons of the target region are significantly higher than that of the non-target region. Results of the modulated envelope distribute around the whole region and its amplitude reaches a maximum at the interfering region.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Both computational modeling and animal experiment validate the feasibility of the proposed multi-channel tTIS strategy and confirm that it can enhance focality and reduce scalp sensation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T22:42:37Z","timestamp":1607726557000},"page":"036003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Multi-channel transcranial temporally interfering stimulation (tTIS): application to living mice brain"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xizi","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8192-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneabd2c9bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416646707","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Brain neuromodulation techniques: a review","volume":"22","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0749-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of neuromodulation on cognitive performance in individuals exhibiting addictive behaviors: a systematic review protocol","volume":"7","author":"Naish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.09.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuromodulation for substance addiction in human subjects: a review","volume":"95","author":"Bari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.04.009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of therapeutic neuromodulation for major depression a systematic meta-review of recent meta-analyses","volume":"41","author":"McGirr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clin. North Am."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.11.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of cerebellar neuromodulation in movement disorders: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Franca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02928-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans","volume":"9","author":"Voroslakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16090996","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial current stimulation in psychiatry","volume":"174","author":"Philip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116183","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Accessibility of cortical regions to focal TES: dependence on spatial position, safety, and practical constraints","volume":"203","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3109\/08990229009144720","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Repetitive microstimulation alters the cortical representation of movements in adult rats","volume":"7","author":"Nudo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"45","author":"Mayberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz281","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Differential effects of open- and closed-loop intracortical microstimulation on firing patterns of neurons in distant cortical areas","volume":"30","author":"Averna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau4915","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulation without surgical intervention noninvasive deep brain stimulation can be achieved via temporally interfering electric fields","volume":"361","author":"Grossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.024","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via temporally interfering electric fields","volume":"169","author":"Grossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr1707165","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Waving hello to noninvasive deep-brain stimulation","volume":"377","author":"Lozano","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2760","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Translating temporal interference brain stimulation to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions","volume":"75","author":"Grossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006136","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design of optimal nonlinear network controllers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Sanchez-Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00175","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Closing the loop on deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"12","author":"Alik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116124","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prospects for transcranial temporal interference stimulation in humans: a computational study","volume":"202","author":"Rampersad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Noninvasive neuromodulation goes deep","volume":"169","author":"Dmochowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0120-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"No implant needed","volume":"169","author":"Opitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E19\u2013E20","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx482","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Letter: electric beats open new frontiers for deep brain stimulation","volume":"82","author":"Halpern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/4\/046011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target","volume":"8","author":"Dmochowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural. Eng."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.09.010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Can transcranial electric stimulation with multiple electrodes reach deep targets","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01547-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Resonance, oscillation and the intrinsic frequency preferences of neurons","volume":"23","author":"Hutcheon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00683","type":"journal-article","article-title":"5 kHz transcranial alternating current stimulation: lack of cortical excitability changes when grouped in a theta burst pattern","volume":"10","author":"Kunz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168839","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2947857","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multi-point temporal interference stimulation by using each electrode to carry different frequency currents","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.12.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The New York Head\u2014a precise standardized volume conductor model for EEG source localization and tES targeting","volume":"140","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2919912","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stimulus: noninvasive dynamic patterns of neurostimulation using spatio-temporal interference","volume":"67","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab92b3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimization of interferential stimulation of the human brain with electrode arrays","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural. Eng."},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05226","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Long-term motor cortex plasticity induced by an electronic neural implant","volume":"444","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"jneabd2c9bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21177","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316885110","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Restoration of function after brain damage using a neural prosthesis","volume":"110","author":"Guggenmos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T15:08:25Z","timestamp":1765033705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Multi-channel transcranial temporally interfering stimulation (tTIS): application to living mice brain","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2020-01-22","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2020-12-11","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2021-03-08","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}