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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Infrared light can be used to modulate the activity of neuronal cells through thermally-evoked capacitive currents and thermosensitive ion channel modulation. The infrared power threshold for action potentials has previously been found to be far lower in the\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    cochlea when compared with other neuronal targets, implicating spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) as a potential target for infrared auditory prostheses. However, conflicting experimental evidence suggests that this low threshold may arise from an intermediary mechanism other than direct SGN stimulation, potentially involving residual hair cell activity.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Patch-clamp recordings from cultured SGNs were used to explicitly quantify the capacitive and ion channel currents in an environment devoid of hair cells. Neurons were irradiated by a 1870 nm laser with pulse durations of 0.2\u20135.0 ms and powers up to 1.5 W. A Hodgkin-Huxley-type model was established by first characterising the voltage dependent currents, and then incorporating laser-evoked currents separated into temperature-dependent and temperature-gradient-dependent components. This model was found to accurately simulate neuronal responses and allowed the results to be extrapolated to stimulation parameter spaces not accessible during this study.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The previously-reported low\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    SGN stimulation threshold was not observed, and only subthreshold depolarisation was achieved, even at high light exposures. Extrapolating these results with our Hodgkin-Huxley-type model predicts an action potential threshold which does not deviate significantly from other neuronal types.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This suggests that the low-threshold response that is commonly reported\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    may arise from an alternative mechanism, and calls into question the potential usefulness of the effect for auditory prostheses. The step-wise approach to modelling optically-evoked currents described here may prove useful for analysing a wider range of cell types where capacitive currents and conductance modulation are dominant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abe7b8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T18:00:37Z","timestamp":1613671237000},"page":"046003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Response of primary auditory neurons to stimulation with infrared light\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"William G A","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3869-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Needham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8356-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M","family":"Begeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-6059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryony A","family":"Nayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0081-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Kameneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4882-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R","family":"Stoddart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneabe7b8bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.200900044","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neural stimulation with optical radiation","volume":"5","author":"Richter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laser Photon. 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