{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T11:29:19Z","timestamp":1787657359080,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006751","name":"U.S. Army","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NDSEG F-148887797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDSEG F-148887797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OT2OD024908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OT2OD024908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a potential intervention to improve limb and autonomic functions, with lumbar stimulation improving locomotion and thoracic stimulation regulating blood pressure. Here, we asked whether sacral SCS could be used to target the lower urinary tract (LUT) and used a high-density epidural electrode array to test whether individual electrodes could selectively recruit LUT nerves. <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>. We placed a high-density epidural SCS array on the dorsal surface of the sacral spinal cord and cauda equina of anesthetized cats and recorded the stimulation-evoked activity from nerve cuffs on the pelvic, pudendal and sciatic nerves. <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. Here we show that sacral SCS evokes responses in nerves innervating the bladder and urethra and that these nerves can be activated selectively. Sacral SCS always recruited the pelvic and pudendal nerves and selectively recruited both of these nerves in all but one animal. Individual branches of the pudendal nerve were always recruited as well. Electrodes that selectively recruited specific peripheral nerves were spatially clustered on the arrays, suggesting anatomically organized sensory pathways. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> This selective recruitment demonstrates a mechanism to directly modulate bladder and urethral function through known reflex pathways, which could be used to restore bladder and urethral function after injury or disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T22:18:15Z","timestamp":1667859495000},"page":"066014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["High-density spinal cord stimulation selectively activates lower urinary tract nerves"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4623-7690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria K","family":"Jantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6309-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaitanya","family":"Gopinath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liane","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John I","family":"Ogren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-3119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lee E","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0907-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan L","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6202-5818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert A","family":"Gaunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneaca0c2bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920070021","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence","volume":"11","author":"Hunskaar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.037","article-title":"Costs of urinary incontinence and overactive bladder in the United States: a comparative study","volume":"63","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib3","first-page":"S574","article-title":"Comorbidities associated with overactive bladder","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Manage. Care"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2226","article-title":"The health and life priorities of individuals with spinal cord injury: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.6.601","article-title":"Neurogenic bladder, neurogenic bowel, and sexual dysfunction in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"82","author":"Benevento","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-3-23","article-title":"Catheter associated urinary tract infections","volume":"3","author":"Nicolle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26602-2","article-title":"Lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation improves voiding function after human spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Herrity","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108184","article-title":"Initiation of bladder voiding with epidural stimulation in paralyzed, step trained rats","volume":"9","author":"Gad","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60547-3","article-title":"Effect of epidural stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord on voluntary movement, standing, and assisted stepping after motor complete paraplegia: a case study","volume":"377","author":"Harkema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190998","article-title":"Improvements in bladder, bowel and sexual outcomes following task-specific locomotor training in human spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Hubscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.03.007","article-title":"Mapping and neuromodulation of lower urinary tract function using spinal cord stimulation in female rats","volume":"305","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00489.2013","article-title":"Neuromodulation of evoked muscle potentials induced by epidural spinal-cord stimulation in paralyzed individuals","volume":"111","author":"Sayenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.13.379750v1","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the cervical dorsal roots enables functional arm and hand movements in monkeys with cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Barra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19326","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1688-13.2013","article-title":"A computational model for epidural electrical stimulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits","volume":"33","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.01.005","article-title":"Human lumbar cord circuitries can be activated by extrinsic tonic input to generate locomotor-like activity","volume":"26","author":"Minassian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.01.009","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the neuromodulation of spinal circuits for correcting gait and balance deficits after spinal cord injury","volume":"89","author":"Moraud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7774","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1069-08.2008","article-title":"Facilitation of stepping with epidural stimulation in spinal rats: role of sensory input","volume":"28","author":"Lavrov","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.111815","article-title":"Frequency\u2010dependent selection of reflexes by pudendal afferents in the cat","volume":"577","author":"Boggs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1978.tb04218.x","article-title":"The effect of pelvic nerve stimulation and some drugs on the urethra and bladder of the dog","volume":"50","author":"Creed","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90162-8","article-title":"Electrophysiology of pelvic and pudendal nerves in the cat","volume":"35","author":"Bradley","year":"1972","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20374","article-title":"Bladder inhibition or voiding induced by pudendal nerve stimulation in chronic spinal cord injured cats","volume":"26","author":"Tai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.04.010","article-title":"Bladder activation by selective stimulation of pudendal nerve afferents in the cat","volume":"212","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1880","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00029.2008","article-title":"Activation and inhibition of the micturition reflex by penile afferents in the cat","volume":"294","author":"Woock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22474","article-title":"Selective co\u2010stimulation of pudendal afferents enhances bladder activation and improves voiding efficiency","volume":"33","author":"McGee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R398","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00154.2010","article-title":"Mechanisms of reflex bladder activation by pudendal afferents","volume":"300","author":"Woock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11884-010-0064-5","article-title":"Potential use of pudendal nerve stimulation for voiding dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Mashni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Bladder Dysfunct. Rep."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.02.2696","article-title":"Surgical access for electrical stimulation of the pudendal and dorsal genital nerves in the overactive bladder: a review","volume":"186","author":"Martens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-005-0032-4","article-title":"Fascicular anatomy and surgical access of the human pudendal nerve","volume":"23","author":"Gustafson","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237358","article-title":"New, simple approach for maximal pudendal nerve exposure","volume":"43","author":"O\u2019Bichere","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1973.01350200184038","article-title":"Anatomic relations of pelvic autonomic nerves to pelvic operations","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2871763","article-title":"Functional selectivity of lumbosacral stimulation: methodological approach and pilot study to assess visceral function in pigs","volume":"26","author":"Guiho","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00120.x","article-title":"The technology: the anatomy of a spinal cord and nerve root stimulator: the lead and the power source","volume":"7","author":"Bradley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(2000)19:1<87::AID-NAU9>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Effect of anesthetics on reflex micturition in the chronic cannula-implanted rat","volume":"19","author":"Matsuura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970526)382:1<46::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Organization of lumbosacral motoneuronal cell groups innervating hindlimb, pelvic floor, and axial muscles in the cat","volume":"382","author":"Vanderhorst","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00961.2015","article-title":"Microstimulation of the lumbar DRG recruits primary afferent neurons in localized regions of lower limb","volume":"116","author":"Ayers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab4a24","article-title":"Selectivity of afferent microstimulation at the DRG using epineural and penetrating electrode arrays","volume":"17","author":"Nanivadekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural. Eng."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.1930100605","article-title":"The relationship between external anal and external urethral sphincter activity in continent women","volume":"10","author":"Burgio","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.10.1104","article-title":"Sacral anterior root stimulators for bladder control in paraplegia: the first 50 cases","volume":"49","author":"Brindley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.21012","article-title":"Quality of life in complete spinal cord injury patients with a Brindley bladder stimulator compared to a matched control group","volume":"30","author":"Martens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008683","article-title":"Reflexes to sacral parasympathetic neurones concerned with micturition in the cat","volume":"200","author":"de Groat","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011463","article-title":"Reflex activation of sympathetic pathways to vesical smooth muscle and parasympathetic ganglia by electrical stimulation of vesical afferents","volume":"259","author":"de Groat","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib42","first-page":"457","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of pelvic plexus in cat, dog, rabbit, macaque and man","volume":"120","author":"Wo\u017aniak","year":"1967","journal-title":"Anat. Anz."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)62955-0","article-title":"Implantable electrical vesical stimulator: clinical experience","volume":"98","author":"Susset","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-2","article-title":"Development of a multi-electrode array for spinal cord epidural stimulation to facilitate stepping and standing after a complete spinal cord injury in adult rats","volume":"10","author":"Gad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20703-1","article-title":"Recruitment of upper-limb motoneurons with epidural electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"12","author":"Greiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib46","first-page":"1424","article-title":"Selective recruitment of arm motoneurons in nonhuman primates using epidural electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord","author":"Barra","year":"2018"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2637301","article-title":"Epidural spinal stimulation to improve bladder, bowel, and sexual function in individuals with spinal cord injuries: a framework for clinical research","volume":"64","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE. Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00473.2016","article-title":"Modulation of respiratory output by cervical epidural stimulation in the anesthetized mouse","volume":"121","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00083","article-title":"Normalization of blood pressure with spinal cord epidural stimulation after severe spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Harkema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374248-3.00087-2","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation: placement of surgical leads via laminotomy\u2014techniques and benefits","author":"Kumar","year":"2009"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.1998.tb00013.x","article-title":"Postural changes in spinal cord stimulation perceptual thresholds","volume":"1","author":"Olin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200002000-00025","article-title":"Laminectomy versus percutaneous electrode placement for spinal cord stimulation","volume":"46","author":"Villavicencio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12208","article-title":"The appropriate use of neurostimulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system for the treatment of chronic pain and ischemic diseases: the neuromodulation appropriateness consensus committee","volume":"17","author":"Deer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902490109","article-title":"Identification of neuropeptides in pelvic and pudendal nerve afferent pathways to the sacral spinal cord of the cat","volume":"249","author":"Kawatani","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79090-7_4","article-title":"Afferent nerve regulation of bladder function in health and disease","author":"de Groat","year":"2009"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130056","article-title":"Neural control of the lower urinary tract","volume":"5","author":"Groat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091800104","article-title":"Innervation of feline perineal musculature","volume":"180","author":"Martin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902880206","article-title":"Organization of afferent and efferent pathways in the pudendal nerve of the female cat","volume":"288","author":"Thor","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902010308","article-title":"The distribution of visceral primary afferents from the pelvic nerve to Lissauer\u2019s tract and the spinal gray matter and its relationship to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus","volume":"201","author":"Morgan","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-018-0837-5","article-title":"Troubleshooting interstim sacral neuromodulation generators to recover function","volume":"19","author":"Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1990.63","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with sacral anterior root stimulator implants","volume":"28","author":"Brindley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F385","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00526.2010","article-title":"Prolonged poststimulation inhibition of bladder activity induced by tibial nerve stimulation in cats","volume":"300","author":"Tai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02510785","article-title":"Effects of electrode geometry and combination on nerve fibre selectivity in spinal cord stimulation","volume":"33","author":"Holsheimer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54349","article-title":"Sensory restoration by epidural stimulation of the lateral spinal cord in upper-limb amputees","volume":"9","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(98)00012-3","article-title":"Epidural spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain\u2014some predictors of success. A 15-year experience","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1109\/51.395310","article-title":"Stimulus waveforms for selective neural stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Grill","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1114\/1.262","article-title":"Selective microstimulation of central nervous system neurons","volume":"28","author":"McIntyre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2421732","article-title":"Burst-modulated waveforms optimize electrical stimuli for charge efficiency and fiber selectivity","volume":"23","author":"Qing","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81371-9","article-title":"Comparative neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat, cat, pig, monkey, and human","volume":"11","author":"Toossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03180-w","article-title":"Neuroprosthetic baroreflex controls haemodynamics after spinal cord injury","volume":"590","author":"Squair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"jneaca0c2bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26275\/hbuu-caud","article-title":"Lower urinary tract nerve responses to high-density epidural spinal cord stimulation in cats","author":"Jantz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pennsieve Discover"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T13:23:56Z","timestamp":1669123436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca0c2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"High-density spinal cord stimulation selectively activates lower urinary tract nerves","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2022-09-20","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-11-07","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2022-11-22","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}