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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory nerve offers the ability to overcome the limitations of cochlear implants through spatially precise stimulation, but cannot achieve the temporal precision nor temporal fidelity required for good hearing outcomes. Auditory midbrain recordings have indicated a combined (hybrid) stimulation approach may permit improvements in the temporal precision without sacrificing spatial precision by facilitating electrical activation thresholds. However, previous research has been conducted in undeafened or acutely deafened animal models, and the impact of chronic deafness remains unclear. Our study aims to compare the temporal precision of auditory nerve responses to optogenetic, electrical, and combined stimulation in acutely and chronically deafened animals. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We directly compare the temporal fidelity (measured as percentage of elicited responses) and precision (i.e. stability of response size and timing) of electrical, optogenetic, and hybrid stimulation (varying sub-threshold or supra-threshold optogenetic power levels combined with electrical stimuli) through compound action potential and single-unit recordings of the auditory nerve in transgenic mice expressing the opsin ChR2-H134R in auditory neurons. Recordings were conducted immediately or 2\u20133 weeks following aminoglycoside deafening when there was evidence of auditory nerve degeneration. <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. Results showed that responses to electrical stimulation had significantly greater temporal precision than optogenetic stimulation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001 for measures of response size and timing). This temporal precision could be maintained with hybrid stimulation, but only when the optogenetic stimulation power used was below or near activation threshold and worsened with increasing optical power. Chronically deafened mice showed poorer facilitation of electrical activation thresholds with concurrent optogenetic stimulation than acutely deafened mice. Additionally, responses in chronically deafened mice showed poorer temporal fidelity, but improved temporal precision to optogenetic and hybrid stimulation compared to acutely deafened mice. <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>. These findings show that the improvement to temporal fidelity and temporal precision provided by a hybrid stimulation paradigm can also be achieved in chronically deafened animals, albeit at higher levels of concurrent optogenetic stimulation levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/acc75f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T22:28:20Z","timestamp":1679696900000},"page":"026035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Auditory nerve responses to combined optogenetic and electrical stimulation in chronically deaf mice"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7422-4934","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elise A","family":"Ajay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2009-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella P","family":"Trang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8012-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander C","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9715-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew K","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5497-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B","family":"Grayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2686-3886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James B","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-8354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachael T","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneacc75fbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1381538","article-title":"Speech recognition in noise as a function of the number of spectral channels: comparison of acoustic hearing and cochlear implants","volume":"110","author":"Friesen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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