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Predicted outputs were later assessed objectively against corresponding voice recordings and subjectively through human perceptual judgments. <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. Artificial speech sounds were successfully synthesized during overt and mimed utterances by two participants with some coverage of the precentral gyrus. About a third of these sounds were correctly identified by na\u00efve listeners in two-alternative forced-choice tasks. A similar outcome could not be achieved during imagined utterances by any of the participants. However, neural feature contribution analyses suggested the presence of exploitable activation patterns during imagined speech in the postcentral gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus. In future work, a more comprehensive coverage of cortical surfaces, including posterior parts of the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus, could improve synthesis performance during imagined speech. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> As the field of speech neuroprostheses is rapidly moving toward clinical trials, this study addressed important considerations about task instructions and brain coverage when conducting research on silent speech with non-target participants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ace7f6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T22:29:44Z","timestamp":1689632984000},"page":"046019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Continuous synthesis of artificial speech sounds from human cortical surface recordings during silent speech production"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3391-6915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Goodarzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5367-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"EuiYoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6383-2467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9659-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"June Sic","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-4135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-2327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chun Kee","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5497-7234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David B","family":"Grayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneace7f6bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2015.1125499","article-title":"Verbal communication impacts quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Felgoise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amyotroph. 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