{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:52:48Z","timestamp":1791550368969,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1F31HL162516-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F31HL162516-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["18CSA33990385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18CSA33990385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Bioelectronic treatments targeting near-organ innervation have unprecedented clinical applications. Particularly in the spleen, the inhibition of the cholinergic inflammatory response by near-organ nerve stimulation has potential to replace pharmacological treatments in chronic and autoimmune diseases. A caveat is that the optimization of therapeutic stimulation parameters relies on <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> experimentation, which becomes challenging due to the small nerve diameters (2\u2009<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <jats:tex-math\/>\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                           <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                           <mml:mrow\/>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                     <\/mml:math>\n                     <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"jnead31c3ieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>m), complex anatomy, and mixed axon type composition of the autonomic nerves. Effective development of <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> models requires tools which allow for fast and efficient quantification of axonal composition of specific nerves. Current approaches to generate such information rely on manual image segmentation and quantification. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> We developed a combined image-segmentation and model-generation software called AxoDetect: a target- and format-agnostic computer vision algorithm which can segment myelin, endo\/epineurium, and both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers from a nerve image without training. <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic> AxoDetect is over 10 times faster on average when compared with current automatic methods while maintaining flexibility through the use of tunable pixel threshold filters to detect different types of tissue. When compared to a distribution-based and a manually segmented model of the splenic nerve terminal branch 1, the model generated with AxoDetect had comparable threshold prediction and was able to accurately detect an increase in activation threshold caused by the addition of surrounding fat tissue to the modeled nerve. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> AxoDetect contributes to the acceleration of neuromodulation treatment development through faster model design and iteration without requiring training. Furthermore, the computer vision approach and tunable nature of the filters in our method allow for its use in a variety of histological applications. Our approach will impact not only the study of nerves but also the design of implantable neural interfaces to enhance bioelectronic therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad31c3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T22:24:10Z","timestamp":1709936650000},"page":"026017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["AxoDetect: an automated nerve image segmentation and quantification workflow for computational nerve modeling"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9714-3531","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David A","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9196-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Alejandra Gonzalez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario I","family":"Romero-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"jnead31c3bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.09.003","article-title":"Bioelectronic medicine: preclinical insights and clinical advances","volume":"110","author":"Pavlov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"jnead31c3bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0377-6","article-title":"Tutorial: a computational framework for the design and optimization of peripheral neural interfaces","volume":"15","author":"Romeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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