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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to reinstate lost communication faculties. Results from speech decoding studies indicate that a usable speech BCI based on activity in the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) can be achieved using subdurally implanted electrodes. However, the optimal characteristics for a successful speech implant are largely unknown. We address this topic in a high field blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, by assessing the decodability of spoken words as a function of hemisphere, gyrus, sulcal depth, and position along the ventral\/dorsal-axis. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> Twelve subjects conducted a 7T fMRI experiment in which they pronounced 6 different pseudo-words over 6 runs. We divided the SMC by hemisphere, gyrus, sulcal depth, and position along the ventral\/dorsal axis. Classification was performed on in these SMC areas using multiclass support vector machine (SVM). <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic> Significant classification was possible from the SMC, but no preference for the left or right hemisphere, nor for the precentral or postcentral gyrus for optimal word classification was detected. Classification while using information from the cortical surface was slightly better than when using information from deep in the central sulcus and was highest within the ventral 50% of SMC. Confusion matrices where highly similar across the entire SMC. An SVM-searchlight analysis revealed significant classification in the superior temporal gyrus and left planum temporale in addition to the SMC. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> The current results support a unilateral implant using surface electrodes, covering the ventral 50% of the SMC. The added value of depth electrodes is unclear. We did not observe evidence for variations in the qualitative nature of information across SMC. The current results need to be confirmed in paralyzed patients performing attempted speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad4178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T22:25:25Z","timestamp":1713824725000},"page":"036005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Considerations for implanting speech brain computer interfaces based on functional magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8983-6629","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"F","family":"Guerreiro Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3175-3756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Raemaekers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z","family":"Freudenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7136-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"jnead4178bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2010-000039","article-title":"A survey on self-assessed well-being in a cohort of chronic locked-in syndrome patients: happy majority, miserable minority","volume":"1","author":"Bruno","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"jnead4178bib2","first-page":"495","article-title":"The locked-in syndrome: what is it like to be conscious but paralyzed and voiceless?","author":"Laureys","year":"2005"},{"key":"jnead4178bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0304-z","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with locked-in syndrome: evolution over a 6-year period","volume":"10","author":"Rousseau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orphanet J. 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