{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:55:58Z","timestamp":1787763358937,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP170058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP170058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["1158912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1158912"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"The University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Research Computing Services and the Petascale Camp"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Computing Services and the Petascale Camp"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. Previous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that pudendal nerve is a promising target for restoring bladder control. The spatial proximity between the pudendal nerve and its accompanying blood vessels in the pudendal canal provides an opportunity for endovascular neurostimulation, which is a less invasive approach compared to conventional chronically implanted electrodes. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of excitatory stimulation and kilohertz-frequency block of the compound pudendal nerve in sheep using a stent-mounted electrode array. <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>. In a set of acute animal experiments, a commercially available hexapolar electrode catheter was introduced in the unilateral internal pudendal artery to deliver bipolar electrical stimulation of the adjacent compound pudendal nerve. The catheter electrode was replaced with a custom-made stent-mounted electrode array and the stimulation sessions were repeated. Global electromyogram activity of the pelvic floor and related sphincter muscles was recorded with a monopolar electrode placed within the urethra concurrently. <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. We demonstrated the feasibility of endovascular stimulation of the pudendal nerve with both electrode types. The threshold current of endovascular stimulation was influenced by electrode-nerve distance and electrode orientation. Increasing the axial inter-electrode distance significantly decreased threshold current. Endovascular kilohertz-frequency nerve block was possible with the electrode catheter. <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>. The present study demonstrated that endovascular stimulation of the pudendal nerve with the stent-mounted electrode array may be a promising less invasive alternative to conventional implantable electrodes, which has important clinical implications in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Endovascular blocking of pudendal nerve may provide an alternative solution to the bladder-sphincter dyssynergia problem in bladder management for people with spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:05:08Z","timestamp":1721433908000},"page":"046047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Endovascular stimulation of the pudendal nerve using a stent-mounted electrode array"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3329-9796","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"JingYang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5497-7234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David B","family":"Grayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4341-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet R","family":"Keast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam E","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"jnead6590bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980080205","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its clinical implications","volume":"8","author":"Shafik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"jnead6590bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.04.010","article-title":"Bladder activation by selective stimulation of pudendal nerve afferents in the cat","volume":"212","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol"},{"key":"jnead6590bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R398","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00154.2010","article-title":"Mechanisms of reflex bladder activation by pudendal afferents","volume":"300","author":"Woock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20376","article-title":"Minimally-invasive electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve: a pre-clinical study for neural control of the lower urinary tract","volume":"26","author":"Yoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22474","article-title":"Selective co-stimulation of pudendal afferents enhances bladder activation and improves voiding efficiency","volume":"33","author":"McGee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0468-x","article-title":"Stimulus frequency-dependent inhibition of micturition contractions of the urinary bladder by electrical stimulation of afferent A\u03b2-, A\u03b4-fibers and C fibers in cutaneous branches of the pudendal nerve","volume":"66","author":"Onda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"jnead6590bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101177","article-title":"The acute effects of continuous and conditional neuromodulation on the bladder in spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Kirkham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"jnead6590bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20544","article-title":"Dorsal genital nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Goldman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20766","article-title":"Conditional and continuous electrical stimulation increase cystometric capacity in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Horvath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23310","article-title":"Conditional neuromodulation of neurogenic detrusor overactivity using transrectal stimulation in patients with spinal cord injury: a proof of principle study","volume":"37","author":"Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/ijun.12293","article-title":"Transcutaneous pudendal nerve stimulation for refractory urinary incontinence: a viable option?","volume":"16","author":"Terzoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Urological Nursing"},{"key":"jnead6590bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.01.065","article-title":"Efficacy of electrical pudendal nerve stimulation versus transvaginal electrical stimulation in treating female idiopathic urgency urinary incontinence","volume":"197","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23994","article-title":"Low pressure voiding induced by a novel implantable pudendal nerve stimulator","volume":"38","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274191","article-title":"Sensory feedback from the urethra evokes state-dependent lower urinary tract reflexes in rat","volume":"595","author":"Danziger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.09.079","article-title":"Multiple pudendal sensory pathways reflexly modulate bladder and urethral activity in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"185","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20441","article-title":"Pudendal nerve stimulation evokes reflex bladder contractions in persons with chronic spinal cord injury","volume":"26","author":"Yoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00186","article-title":"Novel neurostimulation of autonomic pelvic nerves overcomes bladder-sphincter dyssynergia","volume":"12","author":"Peh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"jnead6590bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113658","article-title":"Restoring both continence and micturition after chronic spinal cord injury by pudendal neuromodulation","volume":"340","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol"},{"key":"jnead6590bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000158160.11083.1b","article-title":"Treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in spinal cord injured patients by conditional electrical stimulation","volume":"173","author":"Hansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.06.023","article-title":"Patient controlled versus automatic stimulation of pudendal nerve afferents to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity","volume":"180","author":"Opisso","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20823","article-title":"Chronic pudendal neuromodulation: expanding available treatment options for refractory urologic symptoms","volume":"29","author":"Peters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20118","article-title":"A new minimally invasive procedure for pudendal nerve stimulation to treat neurogenic bladder: description of the method and preliminary data","volume":"24","author":"Spinelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)40092-9","article-title":"Neuroprostheses in the management of incontinence in myelomeningocele patients","volume":"143","author":"Schmidt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39150-4","article-title":"Technique of pudendal nerve localization for block or stimulation","volume":"142","author":"Schmidt","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-73","article-title":"Biomechanical and functional variation in rat sciatic nerve following cuff electrode implantation","volume":"11","author":"Restaino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"jnead6590bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(200005)50:2<215::AID-JBM17>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Neural and connective tissue response to long-term implantation of multiple contact nerve cuff electrodes","volume":"50","author":"Grill","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"jnead6590bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.11.059","article-title":"The foreign body response and morphometric changes associated with mesh-style peripheral nerve cuffs","volume":"67","author":"Christensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"jnead6590bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050907","article-title":"Degeneration and regeneration in rabbit peripheral nerve with long-term nerve cuff electrode implant: a stereological study of myelinated and unmyelinated axons","volume":"96","author":"Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368219","article-title":"Electrical properties of implant encapsulation tissue","volume":"22","author":"Grill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/3\/4\/003","article-title":"An implantable neuroprosthesis for standing and walking in paraplegia: 5 year patient follow-up","volume":"3","author":"Guiraud","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/acdb9b","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation using an endovascular electrode array","volume":"20","author":"Nicolai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0321-z","article-title":"Focal stimulation of the sheep motor cortex with a chronically implanted minimally invasive electrode array mounted on an endovascular stent","volume":"2","author":"Opie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3428","article-title":"Minimally invasive endovascular stent-electrode array for high fidelity, chronic recordings of cortical neural activity","volume":"34","author":"Oxley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.03.59","article-title":"Transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation, a novel therapeutic approach for central sleep apnea","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac Dis."},{"key":"jnead6590bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(97)01351-9","article-title":"Bradycardia induced by intravascular versus direct stimulation of the vagus nerve","volume":"65","author":"Thompson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"jnead6590bib36","first-page":"7076","article-title":"Intravascular parasympathetic cardiac nerve stimulation prevents ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia","author":"Inagaki","year":"2005"},{"key":"jnead6590bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00873-7","article-title":"A wireless millimetric magnetoelectric implant for the endovascular stimulation of peripheral nerves","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.593","article-title":"Transvenous stimulation of the phrenic nerve for the treatment of central sleep apnoea: 12 months\u2019 experience with the remede((R)) System","volume":"18","author":"Jagielski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail"},{"key":"jnead6590bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S300713","article-title":"Transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation for treatment of central sleep apnea: five-year safety and efficacy outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Costanzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"jnead6590bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016862","article-title":"Motor neuroprosthesis implanted with neurointerventional surgery improves capacity for activities of daily living tasks in severe paralysis: first in-human experience","volume":"13","author":"Oxley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"jnead6590bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26457-7","article-title":"Signal quality of simultaneously recorded endovascular, subdural and epidural signals are comparable","volume":"8","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jnead6590bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/4\/046020","article-title":"Chronic impedance spectroscopy of an endovascular stent-electrode array","volume":"13","author":"Opie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-009-9757-6","article-title":"Impact of stent design on in-stent stenosis in a rabbit iliac artery model","volume":"33","author":"Sommer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Int. Radiol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.08.042","article-title":"Endothelialization of cardiovascular devices","volume":"99","author":"Jana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"jnead6590bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2419-z","article-title":"Non-surgical urologic management of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"Barboglio Romeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad4f16","article-title":"Feasibility of endovascular stimulation of the femoral nerve using a stent-mounted electrode array","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234801","article-title":"New, simple, ultrasound-guided infiltration of the pudendal nerve: ultrasonographic basics","volume":"44","author":"Gruber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"jnead6590bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-005-0032-4","article-title":"Fascicular anatomy and surgical access of the human pudendal nerve","volume":"23","author":"Gustafson","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073331","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of internal iliac artery stenosis in patients with buttock claudication","volume":"8","author":"Prince","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jnead6590bib50","first-page":"236","article-title":"Angiography and endovascular revascularization of pudendal artery atherosclerotic disease in patients with medically refractory erectile dysfunction","volume":"24","author":"Babaev","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2014.02.005","article-title":"Pelvic congestion syndrome and pelvic varicosities","volume":"17","author":"Koo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tech. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1159\/000454771","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of the ovine and female pelvis","volume":"82","author":"Urbankova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet Invest."},{"key":"jnead6590bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-013-1092-6","article-title":"Anatomical basis of transgluteal approach for pudendal neuralgia and operative technique","volume":"35","author":"Peltier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"jnead6590bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1109\/10.126616","article-title":"A model of safe levels for electrical stimulation","volume":"39","author":"Shannon","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12779","article-title":"Electromyographic responses across different pulse-widths of sacral neuromodulation in sheep","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jnead6590bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca69e","article-title":"Computational modeling of endovascular peripheral nerve stimulation using a stent-mounted electrode array","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9650201","article-title":"The anatomy of the pelvic and perineal regions of the ewe","volume":"13","author":"Bassett","year":"1965","journal-title":"Aust. J. Zool."},{"key":"jnead6590bib58","article-title":"Anatomy of the domestic animals. vol 3, The circulatory systems, the skin, and the cutaneous organs of the domestic mammals","author":"Nickel"},{"key":"jnead6590bib59","first-page":"127","article-title":"The anatomy and embryology of the pelvic outlet in female goats","volume":"4","author":"Hartman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. C"},{"key":"jnead6590bib60","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Pudendal nerve blockage: surgical and topographical anatomical study in goat. Kafr El-Sheikh Vet","volume":"4","author":"El-Kammar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. J."},{"key":"jnead6590bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.02.2696","article-title":"Surgical access for electrical stimulation of the pudendal and dorsal genital nerves in the overactive bladder: a review","volume":"186","author":"Martens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.01.010","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treating neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Gross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.1988.tb00742.x","article-title":"Afferent and efferent fibres in the putative caudal cutaneous femoral nerve in the sheep","volume":"17","author":"Kirk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anat. Histol Embryol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib64","first-page":"5966","article-title":"Computational modeling of an endovascular peripheral nerve interface","author":"Liu","year":"2021"},{"key":"jnead6590bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/6\/066017","article-title":"A finite element analysis of the effect of electrode area and inter-electrode distance on the spatial distribution of the current density in tDCS","volume":"8","author":"Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-10-11","article-title":"Finite element modeling and in vivo analysis of electrode configurations for selective stimulation of pudendal afferent fibers","volume":"10","author":"Woock","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.1.50","article-title":"Corticospinal direct response in humans: identification of the motor cortex during intracranial surgery under general anaesthesia","volume":"51","author":"Katayama","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"jnead6590bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aaea06","article-title":"Intraoperative direct subcortical stimulation: comparison of monopolar and bipolar stimulation","volume":"63","author":"Gomez-Tames","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"jnead6590bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/2\/021001","article-title":"Tissue damage thresholds during therapeutic electrical stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Cogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jnead6590bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66332-y","article-title":"Anodal block permits directional vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jnead6590bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.12.1083","article-title":"A technique for anodally blocking large nerve fibres through chronically implanted electrodes","volume":"43","author":"Brindley","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"jnead6590bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(05)70312-8","article-title":"Electromyography of the perineal floor","volume":"23","author":"Siroky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urol. Clin."},{"key":"jnead6590bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01997426","article-title":"Electromyography of the female urethral sphincter","volume":"2","author":"Chantraine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"jnead6590bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(2000)19:1<87::AID-NAU9>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Effect of anesthetics on reflex micturition in the chronic cannula-implanted rat","volume":"19","author":"Matsuura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"jnead6590bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.938","article-title":"Effect of medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, propofol and isoflurane on spinal reflexes in healthy dogs","volume":"8","author":"Saberfard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:47:18Z","timestamp":1723531638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Endovascular stimulation of the pudendal nerve using a stent-mounted electrode array","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-01-16","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-07-19","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-08-13","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}