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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Non-invasive electroencephalograms (EEG)-based brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCIs) play a crucial role in a diverse range of applications, including motor rehabilitation, assistive and communication technologies, holding potential promise to benefit users across various clinical spectrums. Effective integration of these applications into daily life requires systems that provide stable and reliable BCI control for extended periods. Our prior research introduced the AIRTrode, a self-adhesive (A), injectable (I), and room-temperature (RT) spontaneously-crosslinked hydrogel electrode (AIRTrode). The AIRTrode has shown lower skin-contact impedance and greater stability than dry electrodes and, unlike wet gel electrodes, does not dry out after just a few hours, enhancing its suitability for long-term application. This study aims to demonstrate the efficacy of AIRTrodes in facilitating reliable, stable and long-term online EEG-based BCI operations. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> In this study, four healthy participants utilized AIRTrodes in two BCI control tasks\u2013continuous and discrete\u2013across two sessions separated by six hours. Throughout this duration, the AIRTrodes remained attached to the participants\u2019 heads. In the continuous task, participants controlled the BCI through decoding of upper-limb motor imagery (MI). In the discrete task, the control was based on decoding of error-related potentials (ErrPs). <jats:italic>Main Results.<\/jats:italic> Using AIRTrodes, participants demonstrated consistently reliable online BCI performance across both sessions and tasks. The physiological signals captured during MI and ErrPs tasks were valid and remained stable over sessions. Lastly, both the BCI performances and physiological signals captured were comparable with those from freshly applied, research-grade wet gel electrodes, the latter requiring inconvenient re-application at the start of the second session. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> AIRTrodes show great potential promise for integrating non-invasive BCIs into everyday settings due to their ability to support consistent BCI performances over extended periods. This technology could significantly enhance the usability of BCIs in real-world applications, facilitating continuous, all-day functionality that was previously challenging with existing electrode technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad9edf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T22:52:57Z","timestamp":1734130377000},"page":"016002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Novel AIRTrode-based wearable electrode supports long-term, online brain\u2013computer interface operations"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-4737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deland","family":"H Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-5917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ju-Chun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Alawieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satyam","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9659-4127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Iwane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2827-1473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilya","family":"Pyatnitskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoya J","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5819-1522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 del R","family":"Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"jnead9edfbib1","first-page":"pp 15","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces: Definitions and principles","volume":"vol 168","author":"Wolpaw","year":"2020"},{"key":"jnead9edfbib2","first-page":"6402","article-title":"Non invasive brain-machine interfaces","volume":"5","author":"Carpi","year":"2006","journal-title":"ESA Ariadna Study"},{"key":"jnead9edfbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-012720-093904","article-title":"Noninvasive brain-machine interfaces for robotic devices","volume":"4","author":"Tonin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. 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