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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is an effective technique to modulate brain activity and treat diseases. However, TES is primarily used to stimulate superficial brain regions and is unable to reach deeper targets. The spread of injected currents in the head is affected by volume conduction and the additional spreading of currents as they move through head layers with different conductivities, as is discussed in Forssell\n                    <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2021\n                    <jats:italic>J. Neural Eng.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:bold>18<\/jats:bold>\n                    046042). In this paper, we introduce DeepFocus, a technique aimed at stimulating deep brain structures in the brain\u2019s \u2018reward circuit\u2019 (e.g. the orbitofrontal cortex, Brodmann area 25, amygdala, etc).\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    To accomplish this, DeepFocus utilizes transnasal electrode placement (under the cribriform plate and within the sphenoid sinus) in addition to electrodes placed on the scalp, and optimizes current injection patterns across these electrodes. To quantify the benefit of DeepFocus, we develop the DeepROAST simulation and optimization platform. DeepROAST simulates the effect of complex skull-base bones\u2019 geometries on the electric fields generated by DeepFocus configurations using realistic head models. It also uses optimization methods to search for focal and efficient current injection patterns, which we use in our simulation and cadaver studies.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In simulations, optimized DeepFocus patterns created larger and more focal fields in several regions of interest than scalp-only electrodes. In cadaver studies, DeepFocus patterns created large fields at the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) with magnitudes comparable to stimulation studies, and, in conjunction with established cortical stimulation thresholds, suggest that the field intensity is sufficient to create neural response, e.g. at the OFC.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    This minimally invasive stimulation technique can enable more efficient and less risky targeting of deep brain structures to treat multiple neural conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/adac0c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T17:52:41Z","timestamp":1737395561000},"page":"016048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["DeepFocus: a transnasal approach for optimized deep brain stimulation of reward circuit nodes"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5036-2575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7811-6773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mats","family":"Forssell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorian M","family":"Kusyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Swink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Corcoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9483-8821","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chaitanya","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4585-5219","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander C","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyle C","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pulkit","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneadac0cbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.014","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"45","author":"Mayberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"jneadac0cbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02380-w","article-title":"Roles of the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in major depression and its treatment","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. 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