{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T19:02:25Z","timestamp":1778353345586,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-SPARC","award":["OT2-OD025306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OT2-OD025306"]}]},{"name":"DOD - Military Medical Photonics Program","award":["FA9550-20-1-0063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-20-1-0063"]}]},{"name":"Center for Biomedical OCT Research","award":["P41EB015903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41EB015903"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Improving the efficacy of vagus nerve (VN) stimulation therapy requires a detailed understanding of the anatomical and functional organization of nerve fiber bundles and their fascicles. Various <jats:italic>ex-vivo<\/jats:italic> imaging platforms have been optimized for this purpose. However, all existing tools with micrometer resolution require labeling to enhance the fascicle contrast, and this labeling is resource-intensive and time-consuming. Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) was previously used to perform high-speed, label-free small animal (rat) sciatic nerve imaging but has not been applied for imaging the full-thickness large animal VNs (&gt;1 mm diameter thick) due to tissue-limited imaging depth. We developed a PS-OCT platform that circumvents this problem and demonstrate high-speed label-free imaging of full-depth, multiple centimeters-long mammalian VNs for the first time. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> We employed a custom-built PS-OCT system with a dual-surface scanning microscope to capture opposite sides of the sample in a single frame. A tailored post-processing algorithm maximized fascicle contrast and merged the two surfaces together. Multi-centimeter-long porcine VNs were imaged. <jats:italic>Main Results.<\/jats:italic> Our approach reconstructed fascicle information throughout the full-thickness of the VN when compressed to a 650 <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m thickness. Moreover, we cross-validated PS-OCT measurements of fascicular organization and retardance to assess myelination against pair histology from the same specimens, showing Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient value of 0.69 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value &lt; 0.001). <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> We demonstrated a label-free optical imaging method for large-volume VN imaging. The time to image a 6.8 cm nerve was 680 s with 0.1 mm s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> longitudinal sample translation speed, which is more than two orders of magnitude faster than existing modalities that require labeling. With this gain in speed and the possibility of label-free quantification of a fascicle\u2019s myelination level, important studies on inter-sample variability in fascicle organization become feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/adb5c3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T22:54:52Z","timestamp":1739487292000},"page":"026001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Label-free full-thickness imaging of porcine vagus nerve fascicular anatomy by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0618-7510","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong-Chul","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilyas","family":"Saytashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3616-3576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rex Chin-Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-360X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan","family":"Settell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-8849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Guastaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0532-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel X","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-1941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kip A","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6623-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Vakoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneadb5c3bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.6_suppl_4.S31","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation therapy, epilepsy, and device parameters: scientific basis and recommendations for use","volume":"59","author":"Christi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"jneadb5c3bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5594","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05888blu","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of vagus nerve stimulation for severe treatment-resistant major depression in clinical practice after FDA approval: outcomes at 1 year","volume":"72","author":"Cristancho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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Contribution of FDA is not subject to copyright in the USA.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-08-20","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-02-13","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-02-28","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}