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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> This work introduces Dareplane, a modular and broad technology-agnostic open source software platform for brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) research with an application focus on adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS). One difficulty for investigating control approaches for aDBS resides with the complex setups required for aDBS experiments, a challenge Dareplane tries to address. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> The key features of the platform are presented and the composition of modules into a full experimental setup is discussed in the context of a Python-based orchestration module. The performance of a typical experimental setup on Dareplane for aDBS is evaluated in three benchtop experiments, covering (a) an easy-to-replicate setup using an Arduino microcontroller, (b) a setup with hardware of an implantable pulse generator, and (c) a setup using an established and CE certified external neurostimulator. The full technical feasibility of the platform in the aDBS context is demonstrated in a first closed-loop session with externalized leads on a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease receiving DBS treatment and further in a non-invasive BCI speller application using code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP). <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic> The platform is implemented and open-source accessible on <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bsdlab\/Dareplane\">https:\/\/github.com\/bsdlab\/Dareplane<\/jats:ext-link>. Benchtop results show that performance of the platform is sufficient for current aDBS latencies, and the platform could successfully be used in the aDBS experiment. The timing-critical c-VEP speller could be successfully implemented on the platform achieving expected information transfer rates. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> The Dareplane platform supports aDBS setups, and more generally the research on neurotechnological systems such as BCIs. It provides a modular, technology-agnostic, and easy-to-implement software platform to make experimental setups more resilient and replicable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/adbb20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T22:52:08Z","timestamp":1740696728000},"page":"026029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dareplane: a modular open-source software platform for BCI research with application in closed-loop deep brain stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1477-4912","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Dold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2032-8981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Sajonz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker A","family":"Coenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-0367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jordy","family":"Thielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0030-7224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcus L F","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-0290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Tangermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneadbb20bib1","article-title":"BCI definition","author":"Society","year":"2024"},{"key":"jneadbb20bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50603-7","article-title":"Why some BCI should still be called BMI","volume":"15","author":"Hofmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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