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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> This study examined the strength and stability of motor signals in low gamma and high gamma bands of vascular electrocorticograms (vECoG) recorded with endovascular stent-electrode arrays (Stentrodes) implanted in the superior sagittal sinus of two participants with severe paralysis due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> vECoG signals were recorded from two participants in the COMMAND trial, an Early Feasibility Study of the Stentrode brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) (NCT05035823). The participants performed attempted movements of their ankles or hands. The signals were band-pass filtered to isolate low gamma (30\u201370 Hz) and high gamma (70\u2013200 Hz) components. The strength of vECoG motor activity was measured as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the percentage change in signal amplitude between the rest and attempted movement epochs, which we termed depth of modulation (DoM). We trained and tested classifiers to evaluate the accuracy and stability of detecting motor intent. <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic> Both low gamma and high gamma were modulated during attempted movements. For Participant 1, the average DoM across channels and sessions was 125.41 \u00b1 17.53% for low gamma and 54.23 \u00b1 4.52% for high gamma, with corresponding SNR values of 6.75 \u00b1 0.37 dB and 3.69 \u00b1 0.28 dB. For Participant 2, the average DoM was 22.77 \u00b1 4.09% for low gamma and 22.53 \u00b1 2.04% for high gamma, with corresponding SNR values of 1.72 \u00b1 0.25 dB and 1.73 \u00b1 0.13 dB. vECoG amplitudes remained significantly different between rest and move periods over the 3 month testing period, with &gt;90% accuracy in discriminating attempted movement from rest epochs for both participants. For Participant 1, the average DoM was strongest during attempted movements of both ankles, while for Participant 2, the DoM was greatest for attempted movement of the right hand. The overall classification accuracy was 91.43% for Participant 1 and 70.37% for Participant 2 in offline decoding of multiple attempted movements and rest conditions. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> By eliminating the need for open brain surgery, the Stentrode offers a promising BCI alternative, potentially enhancing access to BCIs for individuals with severe motor impairments. This study provides preliminary evidence that the Stentrode can detect discriminable signals indicating motor intent, with motor signal modulation observed over the 3 month testing period reported here.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/adbd78","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T22:53:11Z","timestamp":1741301591000},"page":"026036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Motor activity in gamma and high gamma bands recorded with a Stentrode from the human motor cortex in two people with ALS"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3216-6203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kriti","family":"Kacker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9069-4028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikole","family":"Chetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9839-6394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ariel K","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-1870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0014-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter E","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8646-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Lacomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3085-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noam Y","family":"Harel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4532-153X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul G","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2971-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahram","family":"Majidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0342-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas L","family":"Opie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-5395","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Collinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-3612","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas J","family":"Oxley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2232-3324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David F","family":"Putrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9782-3497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Douglas J","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneadbd78bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/BCI53720.2022.9735007","article-title":"BCI illiteracy: it\u2019s us, not them. optimizing BCIs for individual brains","author":"Becker","year":"2022"},{"key":"jneadbd78bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/2326263X.2014.954183","article-title":"Neural correlates of learning in an electrocorticographic motor-imagery brain-computer interface","volume":"1","author":"Blakely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Comput. 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