{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T15:29:01Z","timestamp":1793546941008,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["UH3 NS107714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 NS107714"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","award":["R35 NS122333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35 NS122333"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of human somatosensory cortex evokes tactile percepts that people describe as originating from their own body, but are not always described as feeling natural. It remains unclear whether stimulation parameters such as amplitude, frequency, and spatiotemporal patterns across electrodes can be chosen to increase the naturalness of these artificial tactile percepts.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In this study, we investigated whether biomimetic stimulation patterns\u2014ICMS patterns that reproduce essential features of natural neural activity\u2014increased the perceived naturalness of ICMS-evoked sensations compared to a non-biomimetic pattern in three people with cervical spinal cord injuries. All participants had electrode arrays implanted in their somatosensory cortices. Rather than qualitatively asking which pattern felt more natural, participants directly compared natural residual percepts, delivered by mechanical indentation on a sensate region of their hand, to artificial percepts evoked by ICMS and were asked whether linear non-biomimetic or biomimetic stimulation felt most like the mechanical indentation.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We show that simple biomimetic ICMS, which modulated the stimulation amplitude on a single electrode, was perceived as being more like a mechanical indentation reference on 32% of the electrodes. We also tested an advanced biomimetic stimulation scheme that captured more of the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical activity using co-modulated stimulation amplitudes and frequencies across four electrodes. Here, ICMS felt more like the mechanical reference for 75% of the electrode groups. Finally, biomimetic stimulus trains required less charge than their non-biomimetic counterparts to create an intensity-matched sensation.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We conclude that ICMS encoding schemes that mimic naturally occurring neural spatiotemporal activation patterns in the somatosensory cortex feel more like an actual touch than non-biomimetic encoding schemes. This also suggests that using key elements of neuronal activity can be a useful conceptual guide to constrain the large stimulus parameter space when designing future stimulation strategies. This work is a part of Clinical Trial NCT01894802.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/adc2d4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T18:58:42Z","timestamp":1742410722000},"page":"036014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Biomimetic stimulation patterns drive natural artificial touch percepts using intracortical microstimulation in humans"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8593-6910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taylor G","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6806-3302","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles M","family":"Greenspon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7778-1421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceci","family":"Verbaarschot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2637-8007","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9257-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6966-919X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael L","family":"Boninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-9135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sliman J","family":"Bensmaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6202-5818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert A","family":"Gaunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneadc2d4bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2621","article-title":"Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks","volume":"10","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. 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