{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T04:05:38Z","timestamp":1750910738306,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"US NSF (National Science Foundation), Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","award":["1845348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1845348"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> To develop a coil placement optimization pipeline for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that improves over existing solutions by guaranteeing the feasibility of the solution when double-cone coils are used and\/or targets are placed over nonconvex scalp areas like the occipital region. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> Our proposed pipeline estimates feasible candidate coil locations by projecting the coil\u2019s geometry over the scalp around the target site and optimizing the coil\u2019s orientation to maximize scalp exposure to coil while avoiding coil-scalp collision. Then, the reciprocity principle is used to select the best position\/orientation among candidates and maximize the average electric field (E-field) intensity at the target site. Our pipeline was tested on five magnetic resonance imaging-derived human head models for three different targets (motor cortex, lateral cerebellum, and cerebellar inion) and four coil models (planar coil: MagStim D70; double-cone coils: MagStim DCC, MagVenture Cool-D-B80, and Deymed 120BFV). <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic> Our pipeline returned several feasible solutions for any combination of anatomical target and coil, calculated and screened over 2000 candidates in minutes, and resulted in optimal locations that satisfy the minimum coil-scalp distance, whereas the direct method returned feasible candidates for just one combination of target and coil, i.e. planar coil and convex target over the motor cortex. We also found that, when the objective is to maximize the E-field magnitude, the target-to-scalp extension line is a better axis for coil translation compared to the normal vector at the scalp\u2019s surface, which is commonly used in existing approaches. <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic> We expand the use of numerical optimization for coil placement to double-cone coils, which are rapidly diffusing in research and clinical settings, and novel application domains, e.g. cerebellar TMS and ataxia treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T22:52:33Z","timestamp":1749163953000},"page":"036045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Projection-based numerical optimization of transcranial magnetic coil placement for nonconvex target surfaces and double-cone coil geometries"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1988-7767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8932-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roeland","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-9471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sabato","family":"Santaniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneade18bbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.04.022","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? \u2014 A consensus and critical position paper","volume":"140","author":"Siebner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneade18bbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.003","article-title":"Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert guidelines","volume":"132","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneade18bbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.04.009","article-title":"Cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation: The role of coil geometry and tissue depth","volume":"7","author":"Hardwick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneade18bbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.09.005","article-title":"Cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation: the role of coil type from distinct manufacturers","volume":"13","author":"Spampinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneade18bbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-018-0655-6","article-title":"Accurate coil positioning is important for single and paired pulse TMS on the subject level","volume":"31","author":"de Goede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"jneade18bbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9115","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2184-09.2009","article-title":"Modulation of cerebellar excitability by polarity-specific noninvasive direct current stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Galea","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade18bbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.018","article-title":"Assessing cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): A systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"jneade18bbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.3.413","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum in essential tremor: A controlled study","volume":"59","author":"Gironell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"jneade18bbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.11.004","article-title":"Effects of non-target leg activation, TMS coil orientation, and limb dominance on lower limb motor cortex excitability","volume":"1655","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"jneade18bbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2010.01.001","article-title":"Comparison of \u201cstandard\u201d and \u201cnavigated\u201d procedures of TMS coil positioning over motor, premotor and prefrontal targets in patients with chronic pain and depression","volume":"40","author":"Ahdab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"jneade18bbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082320","article-title":"Optimizing TMS coil placement approaches for targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depressed adolescents: An electric field modeling study","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"jneade18bbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aaee5b","article-title":"Coil model comparison for cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"5","author":"\u00c7an","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"jneade18bbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2018.2890069","article-title":"Investigating the role of coil designs and anatomical variations in cerebellar TMS","volume":"55","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"jneade18bbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20964","article-title":"Optimal transcranial magnetic stimulation coil placement for targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using novel magnetic resonance image-guided neuronavigation","volume":"31","author":"Rusjan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"jneade18bbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.008","article-title":"Concordance between BeamF3 and MRI-neuronavigated target sites for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"8","author":"Mir-Moghtadaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneade18bbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.08.013","article-title":"Neuronavigation maximizes accuracy and precision in TMS positioning: Evidence from 11,230 distance, angle, and electric field modeling measurements","volume":"15","author":"Caulfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneade18bbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.10.001","article-title":"Long-lasting inhibition of cerebellar output","volume":"3","author":"Popa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneade18bbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2010.01.006","article-title":"Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"40","author":"Ruohonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"jneade18bbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21293-3_1","article-title":"SimNIBS 2.1: A comprehensive pipeline for individualized electric field modelling for transcranial brain stimulation","author":"Saturnino","year":"2019"},{"key":"jneade18bbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116486","article-title":"A novel approach to localize cortical TMS effects","volume":"209","author":"Weise","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117696","article-title":"Fast computational optimization of TMS coil placement for individualized electric field targeting","volume":"228","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119850","article-title":"Fast computational E-field dosimetry for transcranial magnetic stimulation using adaptive cross approximation and auxiliary dipole method (ACA-ADM)","volume":"267","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2003.07.011","article-title":"Solving unsymmetric sparse systems of linear equations with PARDISO","volume":"20","author":"Schenk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"jneade18bbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.27.629331","article-title":"Personalized electric field simulations of deformable large TMS coils based on automatic position and shape optimization","author":"Worbs","year":"2024"},{"key":"jneade18bbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.04.017","article-title":"Database of 25 validated coil models for electric field simulations for TMS","volume":"15","author":"Drakaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneade18bbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.02.005","article-title":"Electric field depth-focality tradeoff in transcranial magnetic stimulation: Simulation comparison of 50 coil designs","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneade18bbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116159","article-title":"Real-time computation of the TMS-induced electric field in a realistic head model","volume":"203","author":"Stenroos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.04.019","article-title":"Comparison of spherical and realistically shaped boundary element head models for transcranial magnetic stimulation navigation","volume":"124","author":"Nummenmaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneade18bbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.037","article-title":"Derivation of high-resolution MRI atlases of the human cerebellum at 3T and segmentation using multiple automatically generated templates","volume":"95","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1025","article-title":"Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum: fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization","volume":"13","author":"Grodd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"jneade18bbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63956-1.00004-7","article-title":"Functional topography of the human cerebellum","volume":"154","author":"Stoodley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"jneade18bbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.5.1185","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the posterior cerebellum during visually guided saccades in man","volume":"118","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"jneade18bbib33","first-page":"41","article-title":"Cerebellar theta burst stimulation in stroke patients with ataxia","volume":"29","author":"Bonni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"jneade18bbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117044","article-title":"Accurate and robust whole-head segmentation from magnetic resonance images for individualized head modeling","volume":"219","author":"Puonti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827925","article-title":"Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"51","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneade18bbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01041-5","article-title":"Consensus paper: Experimental neurostimulation of the cerebellum","volume":"18","author":"Miterko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"jneade18bbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045","article-title":"A probabilistic MR atlas of the human cerebellum","volume":"46","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade18bbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.4208\/cicp.150215.260615sw","article-title":"Computational software: Simple FMM libraries for electrostatics, slow viscous flow, and frequency-domain wave propagation","volume":"18","author":"Gimbutas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"jneade18bbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab85b3","article-title":"A software toolkit for TMS electric-field modeling with boundary element fast multipole method: An efficient MATLAB implementation","volume":"17","author":"Makarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneade18bbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10867651.1997.10487472","article-title":"A fast triangle-triangle intersection test","volume":"2","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Graph. Tools"},{"key":"jneade18bbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/10867651.2003.10487580","article-title":"Fast and robust triangle-triangle overlap test using orientation predicates","volume":"8","author":"Guigue","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Graph. Tools"},{"key":"jneade18bbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.12.3.376","article-title":"How coil-cortex distance relates to age, motor threshold, and antidepressant response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Kozel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade18bbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01039-8","article-title":"The transcranial magnetic stimulation motor threshold depends on the distance from coil to underlying cortex: a replication in healthy adults comparing two methods of assessing the distance to cortex","volume":"49","author":"McConnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"jneade18bbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.004","article-title":"Distance-adjusted motor threshold for transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"118","author":"Stokes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneade18bbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1552-0","article-title":"The influence of coil-skull distance on transcranial magnetic stimulation motor-evoked responses","volume":"192","author":"Cukic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"jneade18bbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.011","article-title":"Atlas of optimal coil orientation and position for TMS: A computational study","volume":"11","author":"Gomez-Tames","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T12:17:43Z","timestamp":1750853863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade18b","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1741-2560"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-2552"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Projection-based numerical optimization of transcranial magnetic coil placement for nonconvex target surfaces and double-cone coil geometries","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-11-11","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-06-05","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-06-25","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}