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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive impairment. Its diagnosis, which used to be based on clinical assessment, increasingly relies on biomarkers. While electroencephalography (EEG) biomarkers are still at an experimental stage, they have been studied using deep learning (DL) models. Our aim was to determine whether a cognitive task could improve the accuracy of EEG-based disease detection by activating cortical regions affected by the disease. <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>. We trained a DL model to discriminate PD patients from controls based on their high-density EEG recordings. Previous studies have employed a range of preprocessing techniques, models and, predominantly, resting state (RS) EEG. We also investigated different network architectures and hyperparameters, and the role of spatial and temporal resolution. <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>. The best model gave a classification accuracy of 83% on the cognitive task EEG dataset and 76% on the RS EEG dataset. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the model predominantly uses specific temporal and spatial components of the EEG in the cognitive task condition, differing from the RS. <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>. Our results suggest that cortical activation by the cognitive task unveils EEG features that are effective in distinguishing between PD and controls. These features can be used by the model, thereby improving its diagnostic accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6a9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T22:50:05Z","timestamp":1750459805000},"page":"046002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deep learning on high-density EEG during a cognitive task distinguishes patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease from healthy controls"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1395-7341","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yves","family":"Denoyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8176-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Duprez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5424-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Houvenaghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2428-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice","family":"Wendling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0217-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Benquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneade6a9bib1","first-page":"265","article-title":"{TensorFlow}: a system for {Large-Scale} machine learning","author":"Abadi","year":"2016"},{"key":"jneade6a9bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051033","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease detection from resting-state EEG signals using common spatial pattern, entropy, and machine learning techniques","volume":"12","author":"Aljalal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"jneade6a9bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.08.001","article-title":"Linear predictive coding distinguishes spectral EEG features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"79","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. 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