{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:01:40Z","timestamp":1792785700802,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 HD109157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD109157"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["932980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["932980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["NSF 2401215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF 2401215"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Effective characterization of neural complexity during motor execution tasks enhances understanding of maladaptive cortical reorganization in stroke and inform targeted rehabilitation. While traditional EEG analyses often do not consider nonlinear temporal dynamics, we introduce a recurrence based computational framework to quantify cortical complexity during hierarchical motor tasks. Here, we evaluate contralesional motor system engagement in stroke survivors using recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), ensuring sensitivity to nonlinear and temporally structured cortical activity.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . RQA was applied to EEG signals recorded during shoulder abduction (SABD) at 20% and 40% torque levels to characterize nonlinear cortical dynamics and quantify complexity distinguishing adaptive from maladaptive motor system engagement. Spatially resolved recurrence metrics were compared between stroke and control participants to elucidate compensatory cortical reorganization linked to motor impairment and hierarchical task demands.\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our findings show a statistically significant increase in EEG signal complexity within the contralesional hemisphere of stroke participants, particularly under higher SABD loads. Consistent with previous studies, we observed abnormal muscle coactivation patterns between proximal and distal muscles, along with distinct shifts in EMG vector direction in stroke-impaired limbs. These shifts in coactivation patterns suggest constraints in muscle coactivation patterns resulting from losses in corticofugal projections and upregulated brainstem pathways.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We introduce a novel application of RQA to quantify nonlinear EEG complexity during motor execution in chronic stroke. Our results show that increased EEG complexity reflects greater recruitment of contralesional motor pathways, indicating maladaptive cortical reorganization linked to impaired motor control. Unlike traditional spectral or connectivity-based EEG signal processing methods, RQA quantifies temporally evolving, nonlinear recurrence dynamics, serving as a marker of maladaptive contralesional motor recruitment, positioning RQA as a promising, clinically meaningful, and computationally efficient tool to evaluate cortical dynamics and guide targeted neurorehabilitation strategies aimed at minimizing maladaptive plasticity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T18:50:11Z","timestamp":1750445411000},"page":"036051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Contralesional recruitment and localization of EEG signal complexity in stroke: a recurrence quantification analysis of hierarchical motor tasks"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-3439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Parikshat","family":"Sirpal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8624-4772","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nishaal","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem H","family":"Refai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0641-8400","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julius P A","family":"Dewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-3713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneade6abbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398","article-title":"Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention","volume":"120","author":"Boehme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"jneade6abbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274968","article-title":"Progressive recruitment of contralesional cortico\u2010reticulospinal pathways drives motor impairment post stroke","volume":"596","author":"McPherson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6449","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216449","article-title":"Cortical reorganization of early somatosensory processing in hemiparetic stroke","volume":"11","author":"Williamson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"jneade6abbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106719","article-title":"Beta-band cortico-muscular phase coherence in hemiparetic stroke","volume":"97","author":"Parmar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"jneade6abbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11244-3","article-title":"Brainstem and spinal cord MRI identifies altered sensorimotor pathways post-stroke","volume":"10","author":"Karbasforoushan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jneade6abbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00257","article-title":"Upper extremity motor impairments and microstructural changes in bulbospinal pathways in chronic hemiparetic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Owen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/S00221-007-1029-6\/FIGURES\/7","article-title":"Shoulder abduction-induced reductions in reaching work area following hemiparetic stroke: neuroscientific implications","volume":"183","author":"Sukal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"jneade6abbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317697033","article-title":"The impact of shoulder abduction loading on volitional hand opening and grasping in chronic hemiparetic stroke","volume":"31","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"jneade6abbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0058-y","article-title":"Low-frequency cortical activity is a neuromodulatory target that tracks recovery after stroke","volume":"24","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"jneade6abbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/118.2.495","article-title":"Abnormal muscle coactivation patterns during isometric torque generation at the elbow and shoulder in hemiparetic subjects","volume":"118","author":"Dewald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"jneade6abbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2327635","article-title":"EEG activity during movement planning encodes upcoming peak speed and acceleration and improves the accuracy in predicting hand kinematics","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"jneade6abbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6492","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3928-12.2013","article-title":"Hierarchical organization of parietofrontal circuits during goal-directed action","volume":"33","author":"Verhagen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00086","article-title":"Cross-frequency coupling in descending motor pathways: theory and simulation","volume":"13","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3102493","article-title":"Assessing the usage of indirect motor pathways following a hemiparetic stroke","volume":"29","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneade6abbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13692","article-title":"Unveiling neural coupling within the sensorimotor system: directionality and nonlinearity","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","article-title":"Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles","volume":"110","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1066-18.2018","article-title":"Frequency shifts and depth dependence of premotor beta band activity during perceptual decision-making","volume":"39","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2011.2160272","article-title":"Toward synergy-based brain-machine interfaces","volume":"15","author":"Vinjamuri","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"jneade6abbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2038907","article-title":"Temporal postural synergies of the hand in rapid grasping tasks","volume":"14","author":"Vinjamuri","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"jneade6abbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-018-4047-y","article-title":"Nonlinear analysis of brain activity, associated with motor action and motor imaginary in untrained subjects","volume":"91","author":"Maksimenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"jneade6abbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709247105","article-title":"From time series to complex networks: the visibility graph","volume":"105","author":"Lacasa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-4631-1-3","article-title":"Graph theoretical analysis of complex networks in the brain","volume":"1","author":"Stam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nonlinear Biomed. Phys."},{"key":"jneade6abbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.01.012","article-title":"Wavelet-based EEG processing for computer-aided seizure detection and epilepsy diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Faust","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"jneade6abbib24","author":"Mallat","year":"1999"},{"key":"jneade6abbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2019.05.048","article-title":"A better way to define and describe Morlet wavelets for time-frequency analysis","volume":"199","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade6abbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/MLSP.2017.8168133","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural networks for interpretable analysis of EEG sleep stage scoring","volume":"vol 2017","author":"Vilamala","year":"2017"},{"key":"jneade6abbib27","first-page":"441","article-title":"Recurrence plots of dynamical systems","volume":"16","author":"Eckmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"World Sci. Ser. Nonlinear Sci. Ser. A"},{"key":"jneade6abbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0062242","article-title":"Convolutional neural network based on recurrence plot for EEG recognition","volume":"31","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"jneade6abbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.11.016","article-title":"PyRQA\u2014conducting recurrence quantification analysis on very long time series efficiently","volume":"104","author":"Rawald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib30","first-page":"26","article-title":"Recurrence quantification analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems","volume":"vol 94","author":"Webber","year":"2005"},{"key":"jneade6abbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92166-8_5","author":"Zaqueros-Martinez","year":"2022"},{"key":"jneade6abbib32","article-title":"Chaotic and nonlinear features as EEG biomarkers for the diagnosis of neuropathologies","volume":"vol 67","author":"Jacob","year":"2023"},{"key":"jneade6abbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2012.01.024","article-title":"Estimation of Lyapunov spectrum and model selection for a chaotic time series","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Modelling"},{"key":"jneade6abbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5024914","article-title":"Recurrence threshold selection for obtaining robust recurrence characteristics in different embedding dimensions","volume":"28","author":"Kraemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38372-y","article-title":"Traceability and dynamical resistance of precursor of extreme events","volume":"9","author":"Rings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneade6abbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1140\/epjs\/s11734-022-00743-y","article-title":"Applying recurrence time entropy to identify changes in event-related potentials","volume":"232","author":"Frolov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J."},{"key":"jneade6abbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4916899","article-title":"Reliability of unstable periodic orbit based control strategies in biological systems","volume":"25","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5115506","article-title":"Comparison of methods for the assessment of nonlinearity in short-term heart rate variability under different physiopathological states","volume":"29","author":"Faes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"jneade6abbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050813","article-title":"Evidence of chaos in electroencephalogram signatures of human performance: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Kargarnovin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(99)00045-8","article-title":"Scalp distribution of the dimensional complexity of the EEG and the P3 ERP component in stroke patients","volume":"34","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00444","article-title":"Changes in electroencephalography complexity using a brain computer interface-motor observation training in chronic stroke patients: a fuzzy approximate entropy analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1995.7.6.1129","article-title":"An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution","volume":"7","author":"Bell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"jneade6abbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","article-title":"Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*power software","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"jneade6abbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/00029238.1988.11080272","article-title":"The 10-20 electrode system and cerebral location","volume":"28","author":"Homan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. EEG Technol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1296843.1296845","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for communication and control","author":"Wolpaw","year":"2007"},{"key":"jneade6abbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.06.008","article-title":"Changes in mu and beta amplitude of the EEG during upper limb movement correlate with motor impairment and structural damage in subacute stroke","volume":"130","author":"Bartur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2003.12.001","article-title":"Mu rhythm modulation during observation of an object-directed grasp","volume":"19","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"jneade6abbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.12.003","article-title":"Mu rhythm (de)synchronization and EEG single-trial classification of different motor imagery tasks","volume":"31","author":"Pfurtscheller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade6abbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.04.005","article-title":"The functional significance of mu rhythms: translating \u2018seeing\u2019 and \u2018hearing\u2019 into \u2018doing,\u2019","volume":"50","author":"Pineda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"jneade6abbib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092002","article-title":"Action experience, more than observation, influences Mu rhythm desynchronization","volume":"9","author":"Cannon","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jneade6abbib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.053","article-title":"Mu rhythm desynchronization is specific to action execution and observation: evidence from time-frequency and connectivity analysis","volume":"184","author":"Debnath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade6abbib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24573","article-title":"Beta band oscillations in motor cortex reflect neural population signals that delay movement onset","volume":"6","author":"Khanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"jneade6abbib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1251\/bpo115","article-title":"Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection, processing, classification and applications","volume":"8","author":"Reaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Proced. Online"},{"key":"jneade6abbib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.12.001","article-title":"Nonlinear system identification of neural systems from neurophysiological signals","volume":"458","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"jneade6abbib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000118345","article-title":"Spectral analysis of the EEG","volume":"17","author":"Dumermuth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"jneade6abbib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.635","article-title":"Improved surrogate data for nonlinearity tests","volume":"77","author":"Schreiber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"jneade6abbib57","article-title":"Recurrence quantification analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems","author":"Webber","year":"2005"},{"key":"jneade6abbib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5024324","article-title":"Recurrence quantification analysis for the identification of burst phase synchronisation","volume":"28","author":"Lameu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscip. J. Nonlinear Sci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2006.11.001","article-title":"Recurrence plots for the analysis of complex systems","volume":"438","author":"Marwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"jneade6abbib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.68.427","article-title":"Direct test for determinism in a time series","volume":"68","author":"Kaplan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"jneade6abbib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-6-23","article-title":"Exploiting nonlinear recurrence and fractal scaling prop-erties for voice disorder detection","volume":"6","author":"Little","journal-title":"BioMed. Eng. OnLine"},{"key":"jneade6abbib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065711002808","article-title":"Application of recurrence quantification analysis for the automated identification of epileptic EEG signals","volume":"21","author":"Acharya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"key":"jneade6abbib63","first-page":"408","article-title":"An MRI-based stereotactic atlas from 250 young normal subjects","volume":"18","author":"Evans","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci. Abstr."},{"key":"jneade6abbib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1214\/09-STS301","article-title":"The impact of Levene\u2019s test of equality of variances on statistical theory and practice","volume":"24","author":"Gastwirth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat. Sci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"jneade6abbib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1080\/03610920802474465","article-title":"A generalization of Shapiro\u2013Wilk\u2019s test for multivariate normality","volume":"38","author":"Villasenor Alva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. Stat."},{"key":"jneade6abbib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/154596802401105171","article-title":"The fugl-meyer assessment of motor recovery after stroke: a critical review of its measurement properties","volume":"16","author":"Gladstone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"jneade6abbib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2016.00126","article-title":"Nonlinear coupling between cortical oscillations and muscle activity during isotonic wrist flexion","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.103492","article-title":"Multi-phase locking value: a generalized method for determining instantaneous multi-frequency phase coupling","volume":"74","author":"Vasudeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"jneade6abbib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5286.427","article-title":"Neural control of voluntary movement initiation","volume":"274","author":"Hanes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jneade6abbib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.159","article-title":"Neural discharge and local field potential oscillations in primate motor cortex during voluntary movements","volume":"79","author":"Donoghue","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.934670","article-title":"Abnormal synergies and associated reactions post-hemiparetic stroke reflect muscle activation patterns of brainstem motor pathways","volume":"13","author":"McPherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg245","article-title":"Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study","volume":"126","author":"Ward","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"jneade6abbib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.014","article-title":"Dynamic causal modeling of cortical activity from the acute to the chronic stage after stroke","volume":"55","author":"Rehme","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneade6abbib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000200544.29915.cc","article-title":"Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation","volume":"19","author":"Krakauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"jneade6abbib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-150606","article-title":"The sensory side of post-stroke motor rehabilitation","volume":"34","author":"Bolognini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneade6abbib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00485-X","article-title":"Post-stroke plastic reorganisation in the adult brain","volume":"2","author":"Rossini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T07:22:44Z","timestamp":1751268164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ade6ab","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Contralesional recruitment and localization of EEG signal complexity in stroke: a recurrence quantification analysis of hierarchical motor tasks","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-12-30","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-06-20","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-06-30","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}