{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T19:22:41Z","timestamp":1779218561802,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023940","name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) NINDS","award":["K01NS127936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01NS127936"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023930","name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023930","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is increasingly used as a neuromodulation technique to improve motor function after neuromotor disorders. Cervical tSCS has been reported to influence lumbar networks, leading to the hypothesis that leg muscle recruitment may occur via activation of long-range spinal connections between cervical and lumbar circuits. However, it remains unclear whether such responses reflect central network engagement or electrode-dependent local activation.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We investigated the neural mechanisms underlying leg muscle responses during cervical tSCS in unimpaired participants (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12). We compared cervical tSCS electrode configurations in which the return electrodes were placed over the iliac crests versus over the clavicles. We used lumbar tSCS as a control for leg muscle recruitment via the posterior root-muscle reflex.\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Leg muscle responses during cervical tSCS were observed primarily when the return electrodes were placed over the iliac crests and were mostly absent when the anodes were placed over the clavicles. Compared to lumbar tSCS, cervical-iliac responses exhibited shorter onset latencies and minimal post-activation depression, consistent with direct efferent recruitment rather than afferent-mediated reflex activation.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings indicate that leg muscle activation during cervical-iliac tSCS originates from neural structures near the distal return electrodes rather than from long-range cervico-lumbar pathways. Return electrode placement therefore critically determines the origin of evoked responses during cervical stimulation and must be considered when interpreting cervical tSCS mechanisms and rehabilitative effects that extend caudally from the cervical spinal cord.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:54:37Z","timestamp":1778108077000},"page":"036015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neural mechanisms underlying leg muscle responses during cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9239-2307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalie","family":"Phelps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis"},{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1144-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Keesey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis"},{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1265-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Hawthorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis"},{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5887-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis"},{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-7124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ismael","family":"Se\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis"},{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis"},{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis"},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae697bbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020589","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcutaneous cervical spinal cord stimulation combined with robotic exoskeleton rehabilitation for the upper limbs in subjects with cervical SCI: clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Al\u00e9n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"jneae697bbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1210328","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Targeted transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation promotes persistent recovery of upper limb strength and tactile sensation in spinal cord injury: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae697bbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3049133","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation restores hand and arm function after spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Inanici","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneae697bbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02940-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Non-invasive spinal cord electrical stimulation for arm and hand function in chronic tetraplegia: a safety and efficacy trial","volume":"30","author":"Moritz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"jneae697bbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.15744\/2348-9820.7.207","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cervical spinal stimulation at different levels evoked multisegmental motor responses in the lower limbs","volume":"7","author":"Fo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Case Rep. Stud."},{"key":"jneae697bbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00433.2019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation of the cervical cord modulates lumbar networks","volume":"123","author":"Barss","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.615103","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Simultaneous cervical and lumbar spinal cord stimulation induces facilitation of both spinal and corticospinal circuitry in humans","volume":"15","author":"Parhizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae697bbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-025-00183-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multi-system benefits of non-invasive spinal cord stimulation following cervical spinal cord injury: a case study","volume":"11","author":"Samejima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioelectron. Med."},{"key":"jneae697bbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31819f75a7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Upper and lower limb muscle activation is bidirectionally and ipsilaterally coupled","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"jneae697bbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00663.2016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulation of corticospinal input to the legs by arm and leg cycling in people with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"118","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6040054","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Long-term plasticity in reflex excitability induced by five weeks of arm and leg cycling training after stroke","volume":"6","author":"Klarner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"jneae697bbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-200607000-00005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Moving the arms to activate the legs","volume":"34","author":"Ferris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"jneae697bbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b","type":"other","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying leg muscle responses during cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation","author":"Phelps","year":"2026"},{"key":"jneae697bbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135052","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulation of soleus H-reflex excitability following cervical transspinal conditioning stimulation in humans","volume":"732","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"jneae697bbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227057","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recovery cycles of posterior root-muscle reflexes evoked by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and of the H reflex in individuals with intact and injured spinal cord","volume":"14","author":"Hofstoetter","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jneae697bbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08995-4_18","type":"book","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation to enable leg motor control and walking in people with spinal cord injury","author":"Se\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2022"},{"key":"jneae697bbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abe358","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Epidural and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation facilitates descending inputs to upper-limb motoneurons in monkeys","volume":"18","author":"Guiho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneae697bbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20703-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recruitment of upper-limb motoneurons with epidural electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"12","author":"Greiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jneae697bbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0421-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Targeting lumbar spinal neural circuitry by epidural stimulation to restore motor function after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Minassian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"jneae697bbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2003.03036.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Letters to the editor","volume":"6","author":"Holsheimer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jneae697bbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05385-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The neurons that restore walking after paralysis","volume":"611","author":"Kathe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"jneae697bbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0262-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical spinal cord stimulation must preserve proprioception to enable locomotion in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"21","author":"Formento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae697bbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00066-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fatigue effects in the cat gastrocnemius during frequency-modulated efferent stimulation","volume":"97","author":"Kostyukov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"jneae697bbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100857","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human interlimb reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerves innervating the hand and foot","volume":"140","author":"Zehr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"jneae697bbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050297","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cyclic modulation of the H-reflex in a wrist flexor during rhythmic flexion-extension movements of the ipsilateral foot","volume":"118","author":"Baldissera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"jneae697bbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01152.2011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neural control of rhythmic arm cycling after stroke","volume":"108","author":"Zehr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2013-4014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation on voluntary locomotor activity in an incomplete spinal cord injured individual","volume":"58","author":"Hofstoetter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech."},{"key":"jneae697bbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Common neural structures activated by epidural and transcutaneous lumbar spinal cord stimulation: elicitation of posterior root-muscle reflexes","volume":"13","author":"Hofstoetter","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jneae697bbib29","first-page":"1114","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Effects of anode position on the responses elicited by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation","volume":"2017","author":"Masugi","year":"2017"},{"key":"jneae697bbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20700","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Posterior root-muscle reflexes elicited by transcutaneous stimulation of the human lumbosacral cord","volume":"35","author":"Minassian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"jneae697bbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zab228","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab228","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multisite transcutaneous spinal stimulation for walking and autonomic recovery in motor-incomplete tetraplegia: a single-subject design","volume":"102","author":"Samejima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"jneae697bbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00132.2021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Selectivity and excitability of upper-limb muscle activation during cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in humans","volume":"131","author":"Freitas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26026-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Noninvasive spinal stimulation safely enables upright posture in children with spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Keller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jneae697bbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.26.603982","type":"other","article-title":"Fundamental limitations of kilohertz-frequency carriers in afferent fiber recruitment with transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation","author":"Keesey","year":"2024"},{"key":"jneae697bbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5461","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Non-invasive activation of cervical spinal networks after severe paralysis","volume":"35","author":"Gad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"jneae697bbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2834339","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation promotes long-term recovery of upper extremity function in chronic tetraplegia","volume":"26","author":"Inanici","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneae697bbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182110f9f","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identification of the correct cervical level by palpation of spinous processes","volume":"112","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"jneae697bbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures","volume":"10","author":"Hermens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.30.534835","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enhanced selectivity of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation by multielectrode configuration","volume":"20","author":"Bryson","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"jneae697bbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01524-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimizing transcutaneous spinal stimulation: excitability of evoked spinal reflexes is dependent on electrode montage","volume":"22","author":"Thatcher","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. NeuroEng. Rehabil."},{"key":"jneae697bbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105037","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cervical transcutaneous spinal stimulation for spinal motor mapping","volume":"25","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"jneae697bbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.22.701010","type":"other","article-title":"Virtual prototyping of non-invasive spinal cord electrical stimulation targeting upper limb motor function","author":"Alashqar","year":"2026"},{"key":"jneae697bbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030639","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neural substrates of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation: neuromodulation across multiple segments of the spinal cord","volume":"11","author":"Barss","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"jneae697bbib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199605)19:5<595::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improved methodology for lumbosacral nerve root stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Troni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"jneae697bbib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(97)00058-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Soleus H-reflex to S1 nerve root stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Zhu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00325.2006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Plasticity of spinal cord reflexes after a complete transection in adult rats: relationship to stepping ability","volume":"96","author":"Lavrov","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Short-term synaptic plasticity","volume":"64","author":"Zucker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2003.03006.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanisms of electrical stimulation with neural prostheses","volume":"6","author":"Rattay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jneae697bbib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101039","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbosacral cord: 2. quantitative analysis by computer modeling","volume":"38","author":"Rattay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"jneae697bbib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19326","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1688-13.2013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A computational model for epidural electrical stimulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits","volume":"33","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae697bbib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101615","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stepping-like movements in humans with complete spinal cord injury induced by epidural stimulation of the lumbar cord: electromyographic study of compound muscle action potentials","volume":"42","author":"Minassian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"jneae697bbib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00802.2018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the reflex mechanisms of cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation in human subjects","volume":"121","author":"Milosevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050721","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison of the depression of H-reflexes following previous activation in upper and lower limb muscles in human subjects","volume":"126","author":"Rossi-Durand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"jneae697bbib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.128447","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulation of multisegmental monosynaptic responses in a variety of leg muscles during walking and running in humans","volume":"582","author":"Courtine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1904-324","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling enhances quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Dolbow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"jneae697bbib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2011-0702","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effects of spinal cord injury and exercise on bone mass: a literature review","volume":"29","author":"Dolbow","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"jneae697bbib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2008.00622.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and biomechanical responses during functional electrical stimulation leg exercise: health and fitness benefits","volume":"32","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"jneae697bbib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7320-6_603-6","type":"book","article-title":"Paraspinal magnetic and transcutaneous electrical stimulation","author":"Hofstoetter","year":"2014"},{"key":"jneae697bbib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14323","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimizing sensory fiber activation during cervical transcutaneous spinal stimulation using different electrode configurations: a computational analysis","volume":"46","author":"de Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"jneae697bbib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2011.01213.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Can the human lumbar posterior columns be stimulated by transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation? A modeling study","volume":"35","author":"Danner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"jneae697bbib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2054112","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stimulation of the human lumbar spinal cord with implanted and surface electrodes: a computer simulation study","volume":"18","author":"Ladenbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneae697bbib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90380.2008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Noninvasive stimulation of human corticospinal axons innervating leg muscles","volume":"100","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01128.2014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spinal segment-specific transcutaneous stimulation differentially shapes activation pattern among motor pools in humans","volume":"118","author":"Sayenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"jneae697bbib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1403.2002._2005.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Which neuronal elements are activated directly by spinal cord stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Holsheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"jneae697bbib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051283","type":"journal-article","article-title":"modeling electric fields in transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation: a clinical perspective","volume":"11","author":"Guidetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"jneae697bbib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.20076167","type":"dataset","article-title":"IliacActivation","author":"Phelps","year":"2026","unstructured":"Phelps N Keesey R Hawthorn R 2026 IliacActivation Zenodo 10.5281\/zenodo.20076167"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:20:08Z","timestamp":1779178808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae697b","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Neural mechanisms underlying leg muscle responses during cervical transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-02-17","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-05-06","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-05-19","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}