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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Augmented reality can provide digital information about physical entities presented within its real-world context. However, this information might disagree with the user\u2019s expectations due to factual errors in the data or cognitive biases. Such incongruity can impair user experience and undermine trust in the AR system. To address this issue, we propose detecting inconsistencies between physical objects and digital information through hybrid brain-computer interfaces.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We conducted two complementary experiments. First, we implemented a strategy that integrates eye-tracking and brain signals for incongruity detection in an offline study. Subsequently, we assessed our approach in an online study in which participants received immediate feedback on the classification.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The grand average event-related potentials revealed consistent electroencephalographic responses to incongruent augmentations, specifically a centroparietal N400 effect, across both experiments. We could further distinguish between congruent and incongruent information with an average balanced accuracy of 70% in the online study.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These findings demonstrate the feasibility of detecting incongruity online, allowing for autonomous system adaptation, like presenting information in a more accessible format or providing contextual support.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae6ff1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:51:43Z","timestamp":1779231103000},"page":"036024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An online brain-computer interface for detecting incongruity in augmented reality applications"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0547-6954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Know Center Research GmbH"},{"name":"Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5153-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neven","family":"ElSayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Know Center Research GmbH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9148-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce H","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0087-3720","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gernot R","family":"M\u00fcller-Putz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology"},{"name":"BioTechMed Graz"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0356-4034","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo E","family":"Veas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Know Center Research GmbH"},{"name":"Institute of Human-Centred Computing, Graz University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae6ff1bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A survey of augmented reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"jneae6ff1bib2","first-page":"1117","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"SiteLens: situated visualization techniques for urban site visits","author":"White","year":"2009"},{"key":"jneae6ff1bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3285546","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The reality of the situation: a survey of situated analytics","volume":"30","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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